Methods for treating progeroid laminopathies using oligonucleotide analogues targeting human lmna

ABSTRACT

Provided are methods of treatment in subjects having progeroid diseases and related conditions which rely upon LMNA-targeted antisense oligonucleotides for reducing expression of one or more aberrantly spliced LMNA mRNA isoforms that encode progerin.

STATEMENT REGARDING SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Jun. 5, 2018, is named 600215_SPT-8106BCON2_Sequence_Listing_06052018.txt and is 16 KB in size.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The present invention relates generally to methods of treatment for progeroid laminopathies including Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome using human lamin A targeted antisense compounds and related compositions.

Description of the Related Art

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by premature arteriosclerosis and degeneration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). HGPS manifests itself most notably as accelerated, premature aging in affected children. Children with HGPS have progressive symptoms such as growth retardation, alopecia, loss of subcutaneous fat, and bone abnormalities. Average lifespan is 12 years with the most common cause of death being myocardial infarction or stroke.

Most HGPS cases are caused by a single-point mutation in the lamin A (LMNA) gene, resulting in the generation of progerin, a truncated splicing mutant of lamin A. The single-point mutation is a de novo silent substitution (1824C>T, Gly608Gly) in exon 11 of the lamin A (LMNA) gene. The substitution activates a cryptic splice donor site, which leads to the production of a dominant negative mutant lamin A protein with an internal deletion of 50 amino acids. The mutant protein, named progerin, accumulates on the nuclear membrane, causing characteristic nuclear blebbing ((Scaffidi and Misteli 2005; Cao, Blair et al. 2011)).

It is known that aberrant splicing can be corrected using phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides (PMOs), or more specifically, splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs). SSOs block aberrant splicing sites by hybridizing at or near the sites thereby preventing recognition by the cellular splicing machinery. Preferred SSOs are resistant to nucleases and the resulting double-stranded structure eliminates the possibility of RNA cleavage by RNase H. SSOs have been shown to effectively repair the splicing pattern both in vitro and in vivo for thalassemia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (Kinali, Arechavala-Gomeza et al. 2009; Svasti, Suwanmanee et al. 2009). The aberrant splicing of LMNA associated with HGPS has been shown to be reduced by correction of the aberrant splicing event using modified antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the activated cryptic splice site both in cell culture (Scaffidi and Misteli 2005) and in a relevant animal model (Osorio, Navarro et al. 2011).

Given the role of LMNA in HGPS, improved oligonucleotide-based methods of treatment targeting LMNA pre-mRNA are needed.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to methods for treating a progeroid disease or related condition in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide modulates aberrant splicing of a human LMNA pre-mRNA, the oligonucleotide being composed of morpholino subunits and phosphorus-containing intersubunit linkages joining a morpholino nitrogen of one subunit to a 5′-exocyclic carbon of an adjacent subunit, and:

(i) having a substantially uncharged, nuclease resistant backbone;

(ii) capable of uptake by mammalian host cells;

(iii) containing between about 12-40 nucleotide bases;

(iv) having a targeting sequence of at least about 12 contiguous subunits complementary to exon 10, intron 10, exon 11, or combinations thereof, of a human LMNA pre-mRNA; and

The methods of the invention can be used for the treatment of diseases, such as diseases or conditions associated with human LMNA. In certain embodiments, the methods are used in the treatment of progeroid diseases or related conditions, such as a progeroid laminopathy (such as HGPS), an age-related condition, or a cardiovascular disease (such as atherosclerosis).

In more specific embodiments of the methods, the targeting sequence of the oligonucleotide is complementary to bases upstream of the exon 11 cryptic splice site of a human LMNA pre-mRNA. In other specific embodiments, the targeting sequence is complementary to bases downstream of the exon 11 cryptic splice site of a human LMNA pre-mRNA. In still other specific embodiments, the targeting sequence does not overlap the exon 11 cryptic splice site of the human LMNA pre-mRNA.

In additional embodiments of the methods herein, the progeroid disease is associated with the 1824C>T mutation within the exon 11 cryptic splice site of the human LMNA pre-mRNA. In related embodiments, the targeting sequence in the oligonucleotide used in the methods of the invention does not overlap with the 1824C>T mutation.

In another specific embodiment, the 3′-most base of the targeting sequence is complementary to a base in LMNA exon 11 that is about 1-30 bases downstream of the exon 11 cryptic splice site of a human LMNA pre-mRNA.

In yet another specific embodiment, the 3′-most base of the targeting sequence is complementary to a base in LMNA exon 11 that is about 10-40 bases upstream of the exon 11 cryptic splice site of a human LMNA pre-mRNA.

In still another specific embodiment, the 3′-most base of the targeting sequence is complementary to a base in LMNA intron 10 that is about 1-60 bases upstream of LMNA exon 11.

In another specific embodiment, the 3′-most base of the targeting sequence is complementary to a base in LMNA exon 10 that is about 1-30 bases upstream of LMNA intron 10.

In still another specific embodiment, the targeting sequence is complementary to a region that overlaps the splice junction of splice donor (SD) or splice acceptor (SA) sites of exons 10 and 11 of LMNA pre-mRNA, and is complementary to a portion of an exonic region and a portion of an intronic region of the pre-processed mRNA.

The targeting sequence of the oligonucleotide used in the methods, in even more specific embodiments of the invention, is complementary to at least 12 contiguous bases of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-34, or is at least 90% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-34, or comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-34, or consists of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-34.

The targeting sequence of the oligonucleotide used in any of the methods, in even more specific embodiments of the invention, is complementary to at least 12 contiguous bases of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-7 or 14-16, or is at least 90% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-7 or 14-16, or comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-7 or 14-16, or consists of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-7 or 14-16.

The targeting sequence of the oligonucleotide used in any of the methods, in even more specific embodiments of the invention, is complementary to at least 12 contiguous bases of SEQ ID NO: 4, or is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4, or comprises SEQ ID NO: 4, or consists of SEQ ID NO: 4.

The targeting sequence of the oligonucleotide used in any of the methods, in even more specific embodiments of the invention, is complementary to at least 12 contiguous bases of SEQ ID NO: 11, or is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11, or comprises SEQ ID NO: 11, or consists of SEQ ID NO: 11.

In other embodiments, the oligonucleotide used in the methods is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotide (PMO), or a PMO comprising one or more piperazine-containing intersubunit linkages (PMOplus), or a PMO-X oligonucleotide.

Exemplary morpholino subunits, according to certain methods of the invention, are joined by phosphorodiamidate linkages, in accordance with the following structure:

wherein Z is S or O,

X=NR¹R² or OR⁶,

Y=O or NR⁷,

and each said linkage is selected from:

(a) uncharged linkage (a), wherein each of R¹, R², R⁶, and R⁷ is independently selected from hydrogen and lower alkyl;

(b1) cationic linkage (b1), wherein X=NR¹R² and Y=O, and NR¹R² represents an optional substituted piperazino group, such that R¹R²=

—CHRCHRN(R³)(R⁴)CHRCHR—, wherein

each R⁴ is H, CH₃ or null, and

R3 is selected from H, lower alkyl, C(═NH)NH₂, Z-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂, and

[C(O)CHR′NH]_(m)H, wherein where Z is carbonyl (C(O)) or a direct bond, L is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length having bonds selected from alkyl, alkoxy, and alkylamino, R′ is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid or a one- or two-carbon homolog thereof, and m is 1 to 6;

(b2) cationic linkage (b2), wherein X=NR¹R² and Y=O, R¹=H or CH₃, and R²=LNR³R⁴R⁵, wherein L, R³, and R⁴ are defined as above, and R⁵ is H, lower alkyl, or lower (alkoxy)alkyl; and

(b3) cationic linkage (b3), wherein Y=NR⁷ and X=OR⁶, and R7=LNR³R⁴R⁵. wherein L, R³, and R⁴ and R⁵ are defined as above, and R⁶ is H or lower alkyl; and at least one said linkage is selected from cationic linkages (b1), (b2), and (b3).

In a more specific embodiment of the structure above, each of R¹ and R², in linkages of type (a), is methyl.

In another specific embodiment of the structure above, at least one linkage is of type (b1), where each R is H, R⁴ is H, CH₃, or an electron pair, and R³ is selected from H, CH₃, C(═NH)NH₂, and C(O)-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂.

In another specific embodiment of the structure above, at least one linkage is of type (b1), where each R is H, R⁴ is an electron pair, and R³ is selected from C(═NH)NH₂ and C(O)-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂.

In still another specific embodiment of the structure above, at least one linkage is of type (b1), where each R is H, R⁴ is an electron pair, and R³ is selected from C(═NH)NH₂ and C(O)-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂.

In yet another specific embodiment of the structure above, R³ is C(O)-L-NHC(NH)NH2, and L is a hydrocarbon having the structure —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1 to 12.

In another specific embodiment of the structure above, at least one linkage is of type (b1), where each R is H, and each of R³ and R⁴ is independently H or CH₃.

In other embodiments of the invention, the antisense oligonucleotide used in the methods of the invention is covalently attached to a cell-penetrating peptide, such as an arginine-rich peptide. In a more specific embodiment, the arginine-rich peptide is attached at its C-terminus to the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide through a one- or two-amino acid linker. Alternatively, in another embodiment, the peptide is attached at its C-terminus to the 3′ end of the oligonucleotide used in the methods of the invention through a one- or two-amino acid linker. In a preferred embodiment the cell-penetrating peptide is linked to the oligonucleotide through a glycine amino acid.

In additional embodiments of the methods of the invention, there is provided an oligonucleotide comprising a backbone, the backbone comprising a sequence of morpholino ring structures joined by intersubunit linkages, the intersubunit linkages joining a 3′-end of one morpholino ring structure to a 5′-end of an adjacent morpholino ring structure, wherein each morpholino ring structure is bound to a base-pairing moiety, such that the oligonucleotide can bind in a sequence-specific manner to a target nucleic acid, comprising a targeting sequence that is complementary to at least 12 bases of a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO:1-34, or which comprises any one or more of SEQ ID NOS: 3-34, wherein the intersubunit linkages have the following general structure (I):

or a salt or isomer thereof, and wherein each of the intersubunit linkages (I) are independently linkage (A) or linkage (B):

wherein for linkage (A):

W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O;

X is, at each occurrence, independently —N(CH₃)₂, —NR¹R², —OR³ or;

Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR²,

R¹ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl;

R² is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or -LNR⁴R⁵R⁷;

R³ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R⁴ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl, —C(═NH)NH₂, —Z-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂ or —[C(O)CHR′NH]_(m)H, where Z is carbonyl (C(O)) or a direct bond, R′ is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid or a one- or two-carbon homolog thereof, and m is 1 to 6;

R⁵ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl or an electron pair;

R⁶ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl;

R⁷ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxyalkyl;

L is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length comprising alkyl, alkoxy or alkylamino groups, or combinations thereof; and

wherein for linkage (B):

W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O;

X is, at each occurrence, independently —NR⁸R⁹ or —OR³; and

Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR¹⁰,

R⁸ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C₂-C₁₂ alkyl;

R⁹ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aralkyl or aryl;

R¹⁰ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or -LNR⁴R⁵R⁷;

wherein R⁸ and R⁹ may join to form a 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle or R⁸, R⁹ or R³ may join with R¹⁰ to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle, and wherein when X is 4-piparazino, X has the following structure (III):

wherein:

R¹¹ is, at each occurrence, independently C₂-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; and

R is, at each occurrence, independently an electron pair, hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; and

R¹² is, at each occurrence, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, —NH₂, —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵, C₁-C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl, oxo, —CN, trifluoromethyl, amidyl, amidinyl, amidinylalkyl, amidinylalkylcarbonyl guanidinyl, guanidinylalkyl, guanidinylalkylcarbonyl, cholate, deoxycholate, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —SR¹³ or C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, wherein R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are, at each occurrence, independently C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; and wherein at least one of the intersubunit linkages is linkage (B).

In some embodiments using the structure above, at least 5% of the intersubunit linkages are linkage (B). In a related embodiment, 10% to 50% of the intersubunit linkages are linkages (B). In another related embodiment, each linkage (B) has the same structure at each occurrence. In yet another specific embodiment of the structure above, each Y and each W are O.

Still other embodiments of the methods of the invention provide an antisense oligonucleotide comprising a targeting sequence that is complementary to one or more bases of exon 10 or exon 11 in the human LMNA gene and that contains at least 12 contiguous bases complementary to a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-34.

Further embodiments of the methods of the invention provide an antisense oligonucleotide comprising a backbone, the backbone comprising a sequence of morpholino ring structures joined by intersubunit linkages of type (A), (B), or combinations thereof, wherein each morpholino ring structure supports a base-pairing moiety, such that the oligonucleotide compound can bind in a sequence-specific manner to a target nucleic acid, comprising a target sequence that is complementary to at least 12 bases of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-34, or which comprises any one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 3-34, and wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a 3′ terminus, a 5′ terminus and has the following structure (XVII):

or a salt or isomer thereof, and

wherein for linkage (A):

W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O;

X is, at each occurrence, independently —N(CH₃)₂, —NR¹R², —OR³ or;

Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR²,

R¹ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl;

R² is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or -LNR⁴R⁵R⁷;

R³ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R⁴ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C(═NH)NH₂, —Z-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂ or —[C(O)CHR′NH]_(m)H, where Z is carbonyl (C(O)) or a direct bond, R′ is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid or a one- or two-carbon homolog thereof, and m is 1 to 6;

R⁵ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl or an electron pair;

R⁶ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl;

R⁷ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxyalkyl;

L is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length comprising alkyl, alkoxy or alkylamino groups, or combinations thereof; and

wherein for linkage (B):

W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O;

X is, at each occurrence, independently —NR⁸R⁹ or —OR³; and

Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR¹⁰,

R⁸ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C₂-C₁₂ alkyl;

R⁹ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aralkyl or aryl;

R¹⁰ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or -LNR⁴R⁵R⁷;

wherein R⁸ and R⁹ may join to form a 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle or R⁸, R⁹ or R³ may join with R¹⁰ to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle, and wherein when X is 4-piparazino, X has the following structure (III):

wherein:

R¹⁰ is, at each occurrence, independently C₂-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; and

R¹¹ is, at each occurrence, independently an electron pair, hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;

R¹² is, at each occurrence, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, —NH₂, —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵, C₁-C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl, —CN, trifluoromethyl, amidyl, amidinyl, amidinylalkyl, amidinylalkylcarbonyl, guanidinyl, guanidinylalkyl, guanidinylalkylcarbonyl, cholate, deoxycholate, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —SR¹³ or C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, wherein R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are, at each occurrence, independently C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; and

R¹⁷ is, at each occurrence, independently absent, hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are, at each occurrence, independently absent, hydrogen, a cell-penetrating peptide, a natural or non-natural amino acid, C₂-C₃₀ alkylcarbonyl, —C(═O)OR²¹ or R²⁰;

R²⁰ is, at each occurrence, independently guanidinyl, heterocyclyl, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; C₆-C₃₀ aryl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkyl, C₃-C₃₀ alkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ arylcarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₃₀ alkyloxycarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aryloxycarbonyl, C₈-C₃₀ aralkyloxycarbonyl, or —P(═O)(R²²)₂;

R²¹ is C₁-C₃₀ alkyl comprising one or more oxygen or hydroxyl moieties or combinations thereof;

each R²² is independently C⁶-C¹² aryloxy;

B is a base-pairing moiety;

L¹ is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length comprising bonds selected from alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, amide, ester, carbonyl, carbamate, phosphorodiamidate, phosphoroamidate, phosphorothioate, piperazine and phosphodiester;

x is an integer of 0 or greater; and

wherein at least one of R¹⁸ or R¹⁹ is R²⁰ and provided that both of R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are not absent.

The present invention also provides, in other embodiments, methods for treating progeroid laminopathies by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antisense oligonucleotide as described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In another illustrative embodiment, there is provided a method for treating progeroid laminopathies in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an antisense oligonucleotide or pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, wherein the oligonucleotide inhibits expression of mutant LMNA protein mRNA by modulating splicing of LMNA pre-mRNA.

These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent upon reference to the following detailed description. To this end, various references are set forth herein which describe in more detail certain background information, procedures, compounds and/or compositions, and are each hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows an exemplary morpholino oligomer structure with a phosphorodiamidate linkage;

FIG. 1B shows a morpholino oligomer as in FIG. 1A, but where the backbone linkages contain one positively charged group in the form of a (piperazino) phosphorodiamidate linkage;

FIG. 1C shows a conjugate of an arginine-rich peptide and an antisense oligomer, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 1D-G show the repeating subunit segment of exemplary morpholino oligonucleotides, designated D through G.

FIG. 2 shows results for immunofluorescence screening of progerin and lamin A/C.

FIG. 3 shows results for Western analysis of lamin A and progerin.

FIG. 4 shows results for RT-qPCR analysis of lamin A and progerin.

FIG. 5 shows results for Western analysis of lamin A, lamin C and progerin.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods for treating progeroid laminopathies in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an antisense oligonucleotide as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition containing the same, wherein the oligonucleotide inhibits expression of mutant LMNA protein mRNA by modulating splicing of LMNA pre-mRNA. In certain aspects, for example, these and related methods can be applied to treating progeroid laminopathies in clinical settings where progerin expression is associated with a disease such as HGPS. These and related embodiments can also be combined with methods of treating or reducing progeriod laminopathies, by concurrently or sequentially carrying out the methods of the invention with the other treatment.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, preferred methods and materials are described. For the purposes of the present invention, the following terms are defined below.

The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more than one element.

By “about” is meant a quantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length that varies by as much as 30, 25, 20, 25, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1% to a reference quantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length.

By “coding sequence” is meant any nucleic acid sequence that contributes to the code for the polypeptide product of a gene. By contrast, the term “non-coding sequence” refers to any nucleic acid sequence that does not contribute to the code for the polypeptide product of a gene.

Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the words “comprise,” “comprises,” and “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated step or element or group of steps or elements but not the exclusion of any other step or element or group of steps or elements.

By “consisting of” is meant including, and limited to, whatever follows the phrase “consisting of.” Thus, the phrase “consisting of” indicates that the listed elements are required or mandatory, and that no other elements may be present. By “consisting essentially of” is meant including any elements listed after the phrase, and limited to other elements that do not interfere with or contribute to the activity or action specified in the disclosure for the listed elements. Thus, the phrase “consisting essentially of” indicates that the listed elements are required or mandatory, but that other elements are optional and may or may not be present depending upon whether or not they materially affect the activity or action of the listed elements.

The terms “complementary” and “complementarity” refer to polynucleotides (i.e., a sequence of nucleotides) related by the base-pairing rules. For example, the sequence “A-G-T,” is complementary to the sequence “T-C-A.” Complementarity may be “partial,” in which only some of the nucleic acids' bases are matched according to the base pairing rules. Or, there may be “complete” or “total” complementarity between the nucleic acids. The degree of complementarity between nucleic acid strands has significant effects on the efficiency and strength of hybridization between nucleic acid strands. While perfect complementarity is often desired, some embodiments can include one or more but preferably 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 mismatches with respect to the target RNA. Variations at any location within the oligomer are included. In certain embodiments, variations in sequence near the termini of an oligomer are generally preferable to variations in the interior, and if present are typically within about 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 nucleotides of the 5′ and/or 3′ terminus.

The terms “cell penetrating peptide” or “CPP” are used interchangeably and refer to cationic cell penetrating peptides, also called transport peptides, carrier peptides, or peptide transduction domains. The peptides, as shown herein, have the capability of inducing cell penetration within 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of cells of a given cell culture population, including all integers in between, and allow macromolecular translocation within multiple tissues in vivo upon systemic administration.

The terms “antisense oligomer” or “antisense compound” or “antisense oligonucleotide” or “oligonucleotide” are used interchangeably and refer to a sequence of cyclic subunits, each bearing a base-pairing moiety, linked by intersubunit linkages that allow the base-pairing moieties to hybridize to a target sequence in a nucleic acid (typically an RNA) by Watson-Crick base pairing, to form a nucleic acid:oligomer heteroduplex within the target sequence. The cyclic subunits may be based on ribose or another pentose sugar or, in certain embodiments, a morpholino group (see description of morpholino oligomers below). Also contemplated are peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), locked nucleic acids (LNAs), and 2′-O-Methyl oligonucleotides, and other antisense agents known in the art.

Such an antisense oligomer can be designed to block or inhibit translation of mRNA or to inhibit natural pre-mRNA splice processing, or induce degradation of targeted mRNAs, and may be said to be “directed to” or “targeted against” a target sequence with which it hybridizes. In certain embodiments, the target sequence is a region surrounding or including an AUG start codon of an mRNA, a 3′ or 5′ splice site of a pre-processed mRNA, or a branch point. The target sequence may be within an exon or within an intron or a combination. The target sequence for a splice site may include an mRNA sequence having its 5′ end 1 to about 25 base pairs downstream of a normal splice acceptor junction in a preprocessed mRNA. A preferred target sequence for a splice is any region of a preprocessed mRNA that includes a splice site or is contained entirely within an exon coding sequence or spans a splice acceptor or donor site. An oligomer is more generally said to be “targeted against” a biologically relevant target such as, in the present invention, a human LMNA gene pre-mRNA encoding the lamin A protein, when it is targeted against the nucleic acid of the target in the manner described above. Exemplary targeting sequences include SEQ ID NOS: 3-34

Included are antisense oligonucleotides that comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of one or more of SEQ ID NOS:3-34. Also included are variants of these antisense oligomers, including variant oligomers having 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% (including all integers in between) sequence identity or sequence homology to any one of SEQ ID NOS:3-34, and/or variants that differ from these sequences by about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 nucleotides, preferably those variants that modulate progerin expression in a cell. Also included are oligonucleotides of any one or more of SEQ ID NOS: 3-34, which comprise a suitable number of cationic or other modified linkages, as described herein, e.g., up to about 1 per every 2-5 uncharged linkages, such as about 4-5 per every 10 uncharged linkages, and/or which comprise an Arg-rich cell-penetrating transport peptide attached thereto, as also described herein.

The terms “morpholino oligomer” or “PMO” (phosphoramidate- or phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer) refer to an oligonucleotide analog composed of morpholino subunit structures, where (i) the structures are linked together by phosphorus-containing linkages, one to three atoms long, preferably two atoms long, and preferably uncharged or cationic, joining the morpholino nitrogen of one subunit to a 5′ exocyclic carbon of an adjacent subunit, and (ii) each morpholino ring bears a purine or pyrimidine or an equivalent base-pairing moiety effective to bind, by base specific hydrogen bonding, to a base in a polynucleotide. Variations can be made to this linkage as long as they do not interfere with binding or activity. For example, the oxygen attached to phosphorus may be substituted with sulfur (thiophosphorodiamidate). The 5′ oxygen may be substituted with amino or lower alkyl substituted amino. The pendant nitrogen attached to phosphorus may be unsubstituted, monosubstituted, or disubstituted with (optionally substituted) lower alkyl. See also the discussion of cationic linkages below. The purine or pyrimidine base pairing moiety is typically adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil, thymine or inosine. The synthesis, structures, and binding characteristics of morpholino oligomers are detailed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,698,685, 5,217,866, 5,142,047, 5,034,506, 5,166,315, 5,521,063, and 5,506,337, and PCT Appn. Nos. PCT/US07/11435 (cationic linkages) and U.S. Ser. No. 08/012,804 (improved synthesis), all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

“PMO+” refers to phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers comprising any number of (1-piperazino)phosphinylideneoxy, (1-(4-(ω-guanidino-alkanoyl))-piperazino)phosphinylideneoxy linkages (A2 and A3) that have been described previously (see e.g., PCT publication WO/2008/036127 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

“PMO-X” refers to phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers disclosed herein comprising at least one (B) linkage or at least one of the disclosed terminal modifications, and as disclosed in WO2011/150408 and US2012/0065169, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Further PMO-X phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers useful herein may be found in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/561,806, filed Nov. 18, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

A “phosphoramidate” group comprises phosphorus having three attached oxygen atoms and one attached nitrogen atom, while a “phosphorodiamidate” group comprises phosphorus having two attached oxygen atoms and two attached nitrogen atoms. In the uncharged or the modified intersubunit linkages of the oligomers described herein and co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 61/349,783 and Ser. No. 11/801,885, one nitrogen is always pendant to the backbone chain. The second nitrogen, in a phosphorodiamidate linkage, is typically the ring nitrogen in a morpholino ring structure.

“Thiophosphoramidate” or “thiophosphorodiamidate” linkages are phosphoramidate or phosphorodiamidate linkages, respectively, wherein one oxygen atom, typically the oxygen pendant to the backbone, is replaced with sulfur.

“Intersubunit linkage” refers to the linkage connecting two morpholino subunits, for example structure (I).

“Charged”, “uncharged”, “cationic” and “anionic” as used herein refer to the predominant state of a chemical moiety at near-neutral pH, e.g., about 6 to 8. For example, the term may refer to the predominant state of the chemical moiety at physiological pH, that is, about 7.4.

The term “oligonucleotide analog” refers to an oligonucleotide having (i) a modified backbone structure, e.g., a backbone other than the standard phosphodiester linkage found in natural oligo- and polynucleotides, and (ii) optionally, modified sugar moieties, e.g., morpholino moieties rather than ribose or deoxyribose moieties. Oligonucleotide analogs support bases capable of hydrogen bonding by Watson-Crick base pairing to standard polynucleotide bases, where the analog backbone presents the bases in a manner to permit such hydrogen bonding in a sequence-specific fashion between the oligonucleotide analog molecule and bases in a standard polynucleotide (e.g., single-stranded RNA or single-stranded DNA). Preferred analogs are those having a substantially uncharged, phosphorus containing backbone.

A substantially uncharged, phosphorus containing backbone in an oligonucleotide analog is one in which a majority of the subunit linkages, e.g., between 50-100%, typically at least 60% to 100% or 75% or 80% of its linkages, are uncharged, and contain a single phosphorous atom. Antisense oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide analogs may contain between about 8 and 40 subunits, typically about 8-25 subunits, and preferably about 12 to 25 subunits (including all integers and ranges in between). In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides may have exact sequence complementarity to the target sequence or near complementarity, as defined below.

A “subunit” of an oligonucleotide refers to one nucleotide (or nucleotide analog) unit. The term may refer to the nucleotide unit with or without the attached intersubunit linkage, although, when referring to a “charged subunit”, the charge typically resides within the intersubunit linkage (e.g., a phosphate or phosphorothioate linkage or a cationic linkage).

The purine or pyrimidine base pairing moiety is typically adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil, thymine or inosine. Also included are bases such as pyridin-4-one, pyridin-2-one, phenyl, pseudouracil, 2,4,6-trimethoxy benzene, 3-methyl uracil, dihydrouridine, naphthyl, aminophenyl, 5-alkylcytidines (e.g., 5-methylcytidine), 5-alkyluridines (e.g., ribothymidine), 5-halouridine (e.g., 5-bromouridine) or 6-azapyrimidines or 6-alkylpyrimidines (e.g., 6-methyluridine), propyne, quesosine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thiouridine, wybutosine, wybutoxosine, 4-acetyltidine, 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)uridine, 5′-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine, β-D-galactosylqueosine, 1-methyladenosine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanosine, 3-methylcytidine, 2-methyladenosine, 2-methylguanosine, N6-methyladenosine, 7-methylguanosine, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-methylaminomethyluridine, 5-methylcarbonyhnethyluridine, 5-methyloxyuridine, 5-methyl-2-thiouridine, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine, β-D-mannosylqueosine, uridine-5-oxyacetic acid, 2-thiocytidine, threonine derivatives and others (Burgin et al., 1996, Biochemistry, 35, 14090; Uhlman & Peyman, supra). By “modified bases” in this aspect is meant nucleotide bases other than adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U), as illustrated above; such bases can be used at any position in the antisense molecule. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that depending on the uses of the oligomers, Ts and Us are interchangeable. For instance, with other antisense chemistries such as 2′-O-methyl antisense oligonucleotides that are more RNA-like, the T bases may be shown as U (see, e.g., Sequence Listing).

An “amino acid subunit” or “amino acid residue” can refer to an α-amino acid residue (—CO—CHR—NH—) or a β- or other amino acid residue (e.g., —CO—(CH₂)_(n)CHR—NH—), where R is a side chain (which may include hydrogen) and n is 1 to 7, preferably 1 to 4.

The term “naturally occurring amino acid” refers to an amino acid present in proteins found in nature, such as the 20 (L)-amino acids utilized during protein biosynthesis as well as others such as 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, desmosine, isodesmosine, homocysteine, citrulline and ornithine. The term “non-natural amino acids” refers to those amino acids not present in proteins found in nature, examples include beta-alanine (β-Ala), 6-aminohexanoic acid (Ahx) and 6-aminopentanoic acid. Additional examples of “non-natural amino acids” include, without limitation, (D)-amino acids, norleucine, norvaline, p-fluorophenylalanine, ethionine and the like, which are known to a person skilled in the art.

By “isolated” is meant material that is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany it in its native state. For example, an “isolated polynucleotide” or “isolated oligonucleotide,” as used herein, may refer to a polynucleotide that has been purified or removed from the sequences that flank it in a naturally-occurring state, e.g., a DNA fragment that has been removed from the sequences that are normally adjacent to the fragment.

An “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of therapeutic compound, such as an antisense oligomer, administered to a mammalian subject, either as a single dose or as part of a series of doses, which is effective to produce a desired therapeutic effect (e.g., sensitization of a cancer cell to a chemotherapeutic) For an antisense oligomer, this effect is typically brought about by inhibiting translation or natural splice-processing of a selected target sequence. An “effective amount,” targeted against LMNA mRNA, also relates to an amount effective to modulate expression of progerin.

By “enhance” or “enhancing,” or “increase” or “increasing,” or “stimulate” or “stimulating,” refers generally to the ability of one or antisense compounds or compositions to produce or cause a greater physiological response (i.e., downstream effects) in a cell, as compared to the response caused by either no antisense compound or a control compound. An “increased” or “enhanced” amount is typically a “statistically significant” amount, and may include an increase that is 1.1, 1.2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 or more times (e.g., 500, 1000 times) (including all integers and decimal points in between and above 1), e.g., 1.5, 1.6, 1.7. 1.8, etc.) the amount produced by no antisense compound (the absence of an agent) or a control compound.

The term “reduce” or “inhibit” may relate generally to the ability of one or more antisense compounds of the invention to “decrease” a relevant physiological or cellular response, as measured according to routine techniques in the diagnostic art. Relevant physiological or cellular responses (in vivo or in vitro) will be apparent to persons skilled in the art, and may include, for example, reductions in expression of progerin as measured by mRNA and/or protein levels. A “decrease” in a response may be “statistically significant” as compared to the response produced by no antisense compound or a control composition, and may include a 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% decrease, including all integers in between.

The term “target sequence” refers to a portion of the target RNA against which the oligonucleotide or antisense agent is directed, that is, the sequence to which the oligonucleotide will hybridize by Watson-Crick base pairing of a complementary sequence. In certain embodiments, the target sequence may be a contiguous region of a pre-mRNA that includes both intron and exon target sequence. In certain other embodiments, the target sequence will consist exclusively of either intron or exon sequences.

The term “targeting sequence” or “antisense targeting sequence” refers to the sequence in an oligonucleotide or other antisense agent that is complementary (meaning, in addition, substantially complementary) to the target sequence in the RNA genome. The entire sequence, or only a portion, of the antisense compound may be complementary to the target sequence. For example, in an oligonucleotide having 20-30 bases, about 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29 may be targeting sequences that are complementary to the target region. Typically, the targeting sequence is formed of contiguous bases, but may alternatively be formed of non-contiguous sequences that when placed together, e.g., from opposite ends of the oligonucleotide, constitute sequence that spans the target sequence.

Target and targeting sequences are described as “complementary” to one another when hybridization occurs in an antiparallel configuration. A targeting sequence may have “near” or “substantial” complementarity to the target sequence and still function for the purpose of the present invention, that is, it may still be functionally “complementary.” In certain embodiments, an oligonucleotide may have at most one mismatch with the target sequence out of 10 nucleotides, and preferably at most one mismatch out of 20. Alternatively, an oligonucleotide may have at least 90% sequence homology, and preferably at least 95% sequence homology, with the exemplary antisense targeting sequences described herein.

An oligonucleotide “specifically hybridizes” to a target polynucleotide if the oligomer hybridizes to the target under physiological conditions, with a Tm substantially greater than 45° C., preferably at least 50° C., and typically 60° C.-80° C. or higher. Such hybridization preferably corresponds to stringent hybridization conditions. At a given ionic strength and pH, the Tm is the temperature at which 50% of a target sequence hybridizes to a complementary polynucleotide. Again, such hybridization may occur with “near” or “substantial” complementarity of the antisense oligomer to the target sequence, as well as with exact complementarity.

“Homology” refers to the percentage number of amino acids that are identical or constitute conservative substitutions. Homology may be determined using sequence comparison programs such as GAP (Deveraux et al., 1984, Nucleic Acids Research 12, 387-395). In this way sequences of a similar or substantially different length to those cited herein could be compared by insertion of gaps into the alignment, such gaps being determined, for example, by the comparison algorithm used by GAP.

The terms “sequence identity” or, for example, comprising a “sequence 50% identical to,” as used herein, refer to the extent that sequences are identical on a nucleotide-by-nucleotide basis or an amino acid-by-amino acid basis over a window of comparison. Thus, a “percentage of sequence identity” may be calculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over the window of comparison, determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base (e.g., A, T, C, G, I) or the identical amino acid residue (e.g., Ala, Pro, Ser, Thr, Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Tyr, Trp, Lys, Arg, His, Asp, Glu, Asn, Gln, Cys and Met) occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison (i.e., the window size), and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

Terms used to describe sequence relationships between two or more polynucleotides or polypeptides include “reference sequence,” “comparison window,” “sequence identity,” “percentage of sequence identity,” and “substantial identity”. A “reference sequence” is at least 8 or 10 but frequently 15 to 18 and often at least 25 monomer units, inclusive of nucleotides and amino acid residues, in length. Because two polynucleotides may each comprise (1) a sequence (i.e., only a portion of the complete polynucleotide sequence) that is similar between the two polynucleotides, and (2) a sequence that is divergent between the two polynucleotides, sequence comparisons between two (or more) polynucleotides are typically performed by comparing sequences of the two polynucleotides over a “comparison window” to identify and compare local regions of sequence similarity. A “comparison window” refers to a conceptual segment of at least 6 contiguous positions, usually about 50 to about 100, more usually about 100 to about 150 in which a sequence is compared to a reference sequence of the same number of contiguous positions after the two sequences are optimally aligned. The comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) of about 20% or less as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences.

Optimal alignment of sequences for aligning a comparison window may be conducted by computerized implementations of algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive Madison, Wis., USA) or by inspection and the best alignment (i.e., resulting in the highest percentage homology over the comparison window) generated by any of the various methods selected. Reference also may be made to the BLAST family of programs as for example disclosed by Altschul et al., 1997, Nucl. Acids Res. 25:3389. A detailed discussion of sequence analysis can be found in Unit 19.3 of Ausubel et al., “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,” John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1994-1998, Chapter 15.

A “nuclease-resistant” oligomeric molecule (oligomer) refers to one whose backbone is substantially resistant to nuclease cleavage, in non-hybridized or hybridized form; by common extracellular and intracellular nucleases in the body; that is, the oligomer shows little or no nuclease cleavage under normal nuclease conditions in the body to which the oligomer is exposed.

An agent is “actively taken up by mammalian cells” when the agent can enter the cell by a mechanism other than passive diffusion across the cell membrane. The agent may be transported, for example, by “active transport,” referring to transport of agents across a mammalian cell membrane by e.g., an ATP-dependent transport mechanism, or by “facilitated transport,” referring to transport of antisense agents across the cell membrane by a transport mechanism that requires binding of the agent to a transport protein, which then facilitates passage of the bound agent across the membrane. For both active and facilitated transport, oligonucleotide analogs preferably have a substantially uncharged backbone, as defined below.

A “heteroduplex” refers to a duplex between an antisense oligonucleotide and the complementary portion of a target RNA. A “nuclease-resistant heteroduplex” refers to a heteroduplex formed by the binding of an antisense oligomer to its complementary target, such that the heteroduplex is substantially resistant to in vivo degradation by intracellular and extracellular nucleases, such as RNaseH, which are capable of cutting double-stranded RNA/RNA or RNA/DNA complexes.

As used herein, the term “body fluid” encompasses a variety of sample types obtained from a subject including, urine, saliva, plasma, blood, spinal fluid, or other sample of biological origin, such as skin cells or dermal debris, and may refer to cells or cell fragments suspended therein, or the liquid medium and its solutes.

The term “relative amount” is used where a comparison is made between a test measurement and a control measurement. The relative amount of a reagent forming a complex in a reaction is the amount reacting with a test specimen, compared with the amount reacting with a control specimen. The control specimen may be run separately in the same assay, or it may be part of the same sample (for example, normal tissue surrounding a malignant area in a tissue section).

“Treatment” of an individual or a cell is any type of intervention provided as a means to alter the natural course of a disease or pathology in the individual or cell. Treatment includes, but is not limited to, administration of, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, and may be performed either prophylactically, or subsequent to the initiation of a pathologic event or contact with an etiologic agent. Treatment includes any desirable effect on the symptoms or pathology of a disease or condition associated with inflammation, among others described herein.

Also included are “prophylactic” treatments, which can be directed to reducing the rate of progression of the disease or condition being treated, delaying the onset of that disease or condition, or reducing the severity of its onset. “Treatment” or “prophylaxis” does not necessarily indicate complete eradication, cure, or prevention of the disease or condition, or associated symptoms thereof.

A wild-type gene or gene product is that which is most frequently observed in a population and is thus arbitrarily designed the “normal” or “wild-type” form of the gene.

The chemical terms below have the following meanings, unless indicated otherwise:

“Amino” refers to the —NH₂ radical.

“Cyano” or “nitrile” refers to the —CN radical.

“Hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” refers to the —OH radical.

“Imino” refers to the ═NH substituent.

“Guanidinyl” refers to the —NHC(═NH)NH₂ substituent.

“Amidinyl” refers to the —C(═NH)NH₂ substituent.

“Nitro” refers to the —NO₂ radical.

“Oxo” refers to the ═O substituent.

“Thioxo” refers to the ═S substituent.

“Cholate” refers to the following structure:

“Deoxycholate” refers to the following structure:

“Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical which is saturated or unsaturated (i.e., contains one or more double and/or triple bonds), having from one to thirty carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Alkyls comprising any number of carbon atoms from 1 to 30 are included. An alkyl comprising up to 30 carbon atoms is referred to as a C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, likewise, for example, an alkyl comprising up to 12 carbon atoms is a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. Alkyls (and other moieties defined herein) comprising other numbers of carbon atoms are represented similarly. Alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₈ alkyl and C₄-C₈ alkyl. Representative alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (iso-propyl), n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl), 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, ethenyl, prop-1-enyl, but-1-enyl, pent-1-enyl, penta-1,4-dienyl, ethynyl, propynyl, but-2-ynyl, but-3-ynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Alkylene” or “alkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group. Alkylenes may be saturated or unsaturated (i.e., contains one or more double and/or triple bonds). Representative alkylenes include, but are not limited to, C₁-C₁₂ alkylene, C₁-C₈ alkylene, C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₁-C₄ alkylene, C₁-C₃ alkylene, C₁-C₂ alkylene, C₁ alkylene. Representative alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, ethenylene, propenylene, n-butenylene, propynylene, n-butynylene, and the like. The alkylene chain is attached to the rest of the molecule through a single or double bond and to the radical group through a single or double bond. The points of attachment of the alkylene chain to the rest of the molecule and to the radical group can be through one carbon or any two carbons within the chain. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylene chain may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Alkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_(a) where R_(a) is an alkyl radical as defined. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkoxy group may be optionally substituted as described below.

Alkoxyalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)OR_(a) where R_(a) is an alkyl radical as defined and where R_(b) is an alkylene radical as defined. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkoxyalkyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Alkylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)R_(a) where R_(a) is an alkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Alkyloxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)OR_(a) where R_(a) is an alkyl radical as defined. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyloxycarbonyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Alkylamino” refers to a radical of the formula —NHR_(a) or —NR_(a)R_(a) where each R_(a) is, independently, an alkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylamino group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Amidyl” refers to a radical of the formula —N(H)C(═O) R_(a) where R_(a) is an alkyl or aryl radical as defined herein. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an amidyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Amidinylalkyl” refers a radical of the formula —R_(b)—C(═NH)NH₂ where R_(b) is an alkylene radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an amidinylalkyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Amidinylalkylcarbonyl” refers a radical of the formula —C(═O)R_(b)—C(═NH)NH₂ where R_(b) is an alkylene radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an amidinylalkylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Aminoalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—NR_(a)R_(a) where R_(b) is an alkylene radical as defined above, and each R_(a) is independently a hydrogen or an alkyl radical.

“Thioalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —SR_(a) where R_(a) is an alkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a thioalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Aryl” refers to a radical derived from a hydrocarbon ring system comprising hydrogen, 6 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring. The aryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems. Aryl radicals include, but are not limited to, aryl radicals derived from the hydrocarbon ring systems of aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, pleiadene, pyrene, and triphenylene. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term “aryl” or the prefix “ar-” (such as in “aralkyl”) is meant to include aryl radicals that are optionally substituted.

“Aralkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(c) where R_(b) is an alkylene chain as defined above and R_(c) is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, benzyl, diphenylmethyl, trityl and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aralkyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Arylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)R_(c) where R_(c) is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, phenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an arylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Aryloxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)OR_(c) where R_(c) is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, phenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aryloxycarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Aralkylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)R_(b)—R_(c) where R_(b) is an alkylene chain as defined above and R_(c) is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, phenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aralkylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Aralkyloxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)OR_(b)—R_(c) where R_(b) is an alkylene chain as defined above and R_(c) is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, phenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aralkyloxycarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Aryloxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_(c) where R_(c) is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, phenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an arylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to a stable, non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic ring, which may include fused or bridged ring systems, which is saturated or unsaturated, and attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Representative cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cycloalkyls having from three to fifteen carbon atoms and from three to eight carbon atoms, Monocyclic cyclcoalkyl radicals include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Polycyclic radicals include, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl, decalinyl, and 7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl. Unless otherwise stated specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)R_(d) where R_(b) is an alkylene chain as defined above and R_(d) is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a cycloalkylalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Cycloalkylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)R_(d) where R_(d) is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a cycloalkylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.

Cycloalkyloxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(═O)OR_(d) where R_(d) is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyloxycarbonyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Fused” refers to any ring structure described herein which is fused to an existing ring structure. When the fused ring is a heterocyclyl ring or a heteroaryl ring, any carbon atom on the existing ring structure which becomes part of the fused heterocyclyl ring or the fused heteroaryl ring may be replaced with a nitrogen atom.

“Guanidinylalkyl” refers a radical of the formula —R_(b)—NHC(═NH)NH₂ where R_(b) is an alkylene radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a guanidinylalkyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Guanidinylalkylcarbonyl” refers a radical of the formula —C(═O)R_(b)—NHC(═NH)NH₂ where R_(b) is an alkylene radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a guanidinylalkylcarbonyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo.

“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a haloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Perhalo” or “perfluoro” refers to a moiety in which each hydrogen atom has been replaced by a halo atom or fluorine atom, respectively.

“Heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic ring” refers to a stable 3- to 24-membered non-aromatic ring radical comprising 2 to 23 carbon atoms and from one to 8 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulfur. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocyclyl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclyl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the heterocyclyl radical may be partially or fully saturated. Examples of such heterocyclyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl, 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, 21-crown-7, aza-18-crown-6, diaza-18-crown-6, aza-21-crown-7, and diaza-21-crown-7. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocyclyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a 5- to 14-membered ring system radical comprising hydrogen atoms, one to thirteen carbon atoms, one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulfur, and at least one aromatic ring. For purposes of this invention, the heteroaryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heteroaryl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. Examples include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furanonyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 1-oxidopyridinyl, 1-oxidopyrimidinyl, 1-oxidopyrazinyl, 1-oxidopyridazinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, quinuclidinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e., thienyl). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroaryl group may be optionally substituted.

All the above groups may be either substituted or unsubstituted. The term “substituted” as used herein means any of the above groups (i.e., alkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylamino, amidyl, amidinylalkyl, amidinylalkylcarbonyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, guanidinylalkyl, guanidinylalkylcarbonyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl and/or heteroaryl), may be further functionalized wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to a non-hydrogen atom substituent. Unless stated specifically in the specification, a substituted group may include one or more substituents selected from: oxo, —CO₂H, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, thiooxy, alkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, dialkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines, diarylamines, N-oxides, imides, and enamines; a silicon atom in groups such as trialkylsilyl groups, dialkylarylsilyl groups, alkyldiarylsilyl groups, triarylsilyl groups, perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroalkoxy, for example, trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy. “Substituted” also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a higher-order bond (e.g., a double- or triple-bond) to a heteroatom such as oxygen in oxo, carbonyl, carboxyl, and ester groups; and nitrogen in groups such as imines, oximes, hydrazones, and nitriles. For example, “substituted” includes any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with —NR_(g)C(═O)NR_(g)R_(h), —NR_(g)C(═O)OR_(h), —NR_(g)SO₂R_(h), —OC(═O)NR_(g)R_(h), —OR_(g), —SR_(g), —SOR_(g), —SO₂R_(g), —OSO₂R_(g), —SO₂OR_(g), ═NSO₂R_(g), and —SO₂NR_(g)R_(h). “Substituted” also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with —C(═O)R_(g), —C(═O)OR_(g), —CH₂SO₂R_(g), —CH₂SO₂NR_(g)R_(h), —SH, —SR_(g) or —SSR_(g). In the foregoing, R_(g) and R_(h) are the same or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, N-heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, N-heteroaryl and/or heteroarylalkyl. In addition, each of the foregoing substituents may also be optionally substituted with one or more of the above substituents. Furthermore, any of the above groups may be substituted to include one or more internal oxygen or sulfur atoms. For example, an alkyl group may be substituted with one or more internal oxygen atoms to form an ether or polyether group. Similarly, an alkyl group may be substituted with one or more internal sulfur atoms to form a thioether, disulfide, etc. Amidyl moieties may be substituted with up to 2 halo atoms, while other groups above may be substituted with one or more halo atoms. With the exception of alkyl groups, all other groups may also be substituted with amino or monoalkylamino. With the exception of alkyl and alkylcarbonyl groups, all other groups may also be substituted with guanidinyl or amidynyl. Optional substituents for any of the above groups also include arylphosphoryl, for example —R_(a)P(Ar)₃ wherein R_(a) is an alkylene and Ar is aryl moiety, for example phenyl.

“Lower alkyl” refers to an alkyl radical of one to six carbon atoms, as exemplified by methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, isoamyl, n-pentyl, and isopentyl. In certain embodiments, a “lower alkyl” group has one to four carbon atoms. In other embodiments a “lower alkyl” group has one to two carbon atoms; i.e. methyl or ethyl. Analogously, “lower alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl radical of two to six, preferably three or four, carbon atoms, as exemplified by allyl and butenyl.

A “non-interfering” substituent is one that does not adversely affect the ability of an antisense oligomer as described herein to bind to its intended target. Such substituents include small and/or relatively non-polar groups such as methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, or fluoro.

LMNA Targeting

Examples for use in the methods of the invention include antisense oligonucleotides that target SEQ ID NOs:1 and/or 2, discussed below.

Certain antisense oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the invention may comprise a targeting sequence that is complementary to one or more bases of exon 11 in the human LMNA gene including the wild-type sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) and/or the sequence found in HGPS patients, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. These target sequences are shown in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Exemplary LMNA Target Sequences SEQ ID NAME SEQUENCE NO: LMNA  GGCTCCCACTGCAGCAGCTCGGGGGACCCCGCTGAGTACAACCTG 1 exon  CGCTCGCGCACCGTGCTGTGCGGGACCTGCGGGCAGCCTGCCGAC 11 AAGGCATCTGCCAGCGGCTCAGGAGCCCAGGTGGGC GGACCCATC TCCTCTGGCTCTTCTGCCTCCAGTGTCACGGTCACTCGCAGCTAC CGCAGTGTGGGGGGCAGTGGGGGTGGCAGCTTCGGGGACAATCTG GTCACCCGCTCCTACCTCCTGGGCAACTCCAGCCCCCGAACCCAG HGPS  GGCTCCCACTGCAGCAGCTCGGGGGACCCCGCTGAGTACAACCTG 2 exon  CGCTCGCGCACCGTGCTGTGCGGGACCTGCGGGCAGCCTGCCGAC 11 AAGGCATCTGCCAGCGGCTCAGGAGCCCAGGTGGGT GGACCCATC TCCTCTGGCTCTTCTGCCTCCAGTGTCACGGTCACTCGCAGCTAC CGCAGTGTGGGGGGCAGTGGGGGTGGCAGCTTCGGGGACAATCTG GTCACCCGCTCCTACCTCCTGGGCAACTCCAGCCCCCGAACCCAG

Examples include antisense oligonucleotides that are fully complementary to LMNA exon 11 (SEQ ID NO:1 or 2) including those that are also complementary to the cryptic splice site of LMNA exon 11 underlined in SEQ ID NO:1 and 2 in Table 1 (e.g., CAGGTGGGC/T). Certain antisense oligonucleotides may comprise a targeting sequence where the 3′-most base is complementary to a base in LMNA exon 11 that is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 bases downstream of the underlined cryptic splice site in SEQ ID NO:1 or 2 (see Table 1), or which is complementary to a base in LMNA exon 11 that is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 or 40 upstream of the cryptic splice site. Exemplary oligonucleotides of this type are among those listed below as SEQ ID NOs: 3-16. Certain antisense oligonucleotides may comprise a targeting sequence where the 3′-most base is complementary to a base in LMNA intron 10 that is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 or 60 bases upstream of LMNA exon 11 SEQ ID NO:1 or 2 (see Table 1). Certain antisense oligonucleotides may comprise a targeting sequence where the 3′-most base is complementary to a base in LMNA exon 10 that is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 bases upstream of LMNA intron 10. Certain embodiments relate to the use of a combination of these antisense agents. Specific embodiments include antisense oligonucleotides comprising all or a portion (e.g., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 bases) of SEQ ID NO: 1 and/or 2.

Antisense oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the invention can also be targeted against, or be complementary to, a variety of region(s) in a pre-processed LMNA mRNA, such as an exon, an intron, an exon-intron junction, or a splice junction. For instance, certain antisense oligonucleotides may comprise a targeting sequence that is complementary to a region (target sequence) that overlaps the splice junction of a splice donor (SD) or splice acceptor (SA) sites of exons 10 and 11 of LMNA pre-mRNA, and is complementary to a portion of an exonic region (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 nucleotides) and a portion of an intronic region (e.g., 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 nucleotides) of the pre-processed mRNA. Exemplary targeting sequences of the above types are listed below as SEQ ID NOs 17-34.

Selected antisense targeting sequences can be made shorter, e.g., about 12 bases, or longer, e.g., about 40 bases, and include a small number of mismatches, as long as the sequence is sufficiently complementary to effect splicing, and/or other form of inhibition upon hybridization with the target, and forms with the target RNA, a heteroduplex having a Tm of 45° C. or greater.

In certain embodiments, the degree of complementarity between the target and antisense targeting sequence is sufficient to form a stable duplex. The region of complementarity of the antisense oligomers with the target RNA sequence may be as short as 8-11 bases, but is preferably 12-15 bases or more, e.g., 12-20 bases, 12-25, or 15-25 bases, including all integers and ranges in between these ranges. An antisense oligomer of about 14-15 bases is generally long enough to have a unique complementary sequence in the target mRNA. In certain embodiments, a minimum length of complementary bases may be required to achieve the requisite binding Tm, as discussed below.

In certain embodiments, oligomers as long as 40 bases may be suitable, where at least a minimum number of bases, e.g., 10-12 bases, are complementary to the target sequence. In general, however, facilitated or active uptake in cells is optimized at oligomer lengths less than about 30. For PMO oligomers, described further below, an optimum balance of binding stability and uptake generally occurs at lengths of 18-30 bases. Included are antisense oligomers (e.g., PNAs, LNAs, 2′-OMe, MOE, PMOs) that consist of about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 bases, in which at least about 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 contiguous and/or non-contiguous bases are complementary to a target sequence described herein, including the target sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and/or 2, or variants thereof.

In certain embodiments, antisense oligomers for use in the methods of the invention may be 100% complementary to the LMNA pre-mRNA nucleic acid target sequence, or they may include mismatches, e.g., to accommodate variants, as long as a heteroduplex formed between the oligomer and the target sequence is sufficiently stable to withstand the action of cellular nucleases and other modes of degradation or displacement which may occur in vivo. Oligomer backbones which are less susceptible to cleavage by nucleases are discussed below. Mismatches, if present, are less destabilizing toward the end regions of the hybrid duplex than in the middle. The number of mismatches allowed will depend on the length of the oligomer, the percentage of G:C base pairs in the duplex, and the position of the mismatch(es) in the duplex, according to well understood principles of duplex stability. Although such an antisense oligomer is not necessarily 100% complementary to the target sequence, it is effective to stably and specifically bind to the target sequence, such that a biological activity of the nucleic acid target, e.g., expression of the progerin protein(s), is modulated.

The stability of the duplex formed between an oligomer and a target sequence is a function of the binding Tm and the susceptibility of the duplex to cellular enzymatic cleavage. The Tm of an antisense compound with respect to complementary-sequence RNA may be measured by conventional methods, such as those described by Hames et al., Nucleic Acid Hybridization, IRL Press, 1985, pp. 107-108 or as described in Miyada C. G. and Wallace R. B., 1987, Oligonucleotide hybridization techniques, Methods Enzymol. Vol. 154 pp. 94-107. In certain embodiments, antisense oligomer may have a binding Tm, with respect to a complementary-sequence RNA, of greater than body temperature and preferably greater than 50° C. Tm's in the range 60-80° C. or greater are preferred. According to well known principles, the Tm of an oligomer compound, with respect to a complementary-based RNA hybrid, can be increased by increasing the ratio of C:G paired bases in the duplex, and/or by increasing the length (in base pairs) of the heteroduplex. At the same time, for purposes of optimizing cellular uptake, it may be advantageous to limit the size of the oligomer. For this reason, compounds that show high Tm (50° C. or greater) at a length of 25 bases or less are generally preferred over those requiring greater than 25 bases for high Tm values.

In certain embodiments, such as PMO oligomers, the antisense activity of an oligomer may be enhanced by using a mixture of uncharged and cationic phosphorodiamidate linkages, as exemplified in FIG. 1C. The total number of cationic linkages in the oligomer can vary from 1 to 10 (including all integers in between), and be interspersed throughout the oligomer. Preferably the number of charged linkages is at least 2 and no more than half the total backbone linkages, e.g., between 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 positively charged linkages, and preferably each charged linkage is separated along the backbone by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 uncharged linkages. A preferred cationic linkage of the invention includes the apn linkage B10 as shown in Table 3.

Exemplary antisense sequences for use in the methods of the invention for targeting the human LMNA pre-mRNA are shown in Table 1 below. Antisense oligonucleotides can comprise all or a portion of these targeting sequences.

TABLE 2 Exemplary HGPS Targeting Sequences* SEQ ID PMO name Targeting Sequence 5′-3′ NO: Exo11.25.133 CCGCTGGCAGATGCCTTGTCGGCAG  3 Exo11.25.138 CTGAGCCGCTGGCAGATGCCTTGTC  4 Exo11.25.142 GCTCCTGAGCCGCTGGCAGATGCCT  5 Exo11.25.145 TGGGCTCCTGAGCCGCTGGCAGATG  6 Exo11.25.149 CACCTGGGCTCCTGAGCCGCTGGCA  7 Exo11.25.154 CCACCCACCTGGGCTCCTGAGCCGC  8 Exo11.25.158 GGGTCCACCCACCTGGGCTCCTGAG  9 Exo11.25.162 AGATGGGTCCACCCACCTGGGCTCC 10 Exo11.25.166 GAGGAGATGGGTCCACCCACCTGGG 11 Exo11.25.170 GCCAGAGGAGATGGGTCCACCCACC 12 Exo11.25.174 AAGAGCCAGAGGAGATGGGTCCACC 13 Exo11.25.177 CAGAAGAGCCAGAGGAGATGGGTCC 14 Exo11.25.181 GAGGCAGAAGAGCCAGAGGAGATGG 15 Exo11.25.185 ACTGGAGGCAGAAGAGCCAGAGGAG 16 Exo10SD.25.69 ACGTGGTGGTGATGGAGCAGGTCAT 17 Exo10SD.25.73 ACTCACGTGGTGGTGATGGAGCAGG 18 Exo10SD.25.79 GCTACCACTCACGTGGTGGTGATGG 19 Exo10SD.25.84 CGGCGGCTACCACTCACGTGGTGGT 20 Exo10SD.25.87 CAGCGGCGGCTACCACTCACGTGGT 21 Exo10SD.25.90 CCTCAGCGGCGGCTACCACTCACGT 22 Exo10SD.25.92 GGCCTCAGCGGCGGCTACCACTCAC 23 Exo10SD.25.96 GCTCGGCCTCAGCGGCGGCTACCAC 24 Exo11SA.25.779 CGAGTCTGGGACTGACCACTCAGGC 25 Exo11SA.25.796 AGGCTCAGGCGGGACGGCGAGTCTG 26 Exo11SA.25.801 AGACAAGGCTCAGGCGGGACGGCGA 27 Exo11SA.25.805 AGGGAGACAAGGCTCAGGCGGGACG 28 Exo11SA.25.809 GGGAAGGGAGACAAGGCTCAGGCGG 29 Exo11SA.25.814 GCCCTGGGAAGGGAGACAAGGCTCA 30 Exo11SA.25.820 GTGGGAGCCCTGGGAAGGGAGACAA 31 Exo11SA.25.828 CTGCTGCAGTGGGAGCCCTGGGAAG 32 Exo11SA.25.830 AGCTGCTGCAGTGGGAGCCCTGGGA 33 Exo11SA.25.836 CCCCCGAGCTGCTGCAGTGGGAGCC 34 HsEx10 GCTACCACTCACGTGGTGGTGATGG-AcR₆G 35 HsEx11 GGGTCCACCCACCTGGGCTCCTGAG-AcR₆G 36 HsEx10-apn GC^(apn) TACCAC^(apn) TCACG^(apn) TGGTGG^(apn) 37 TGATGG HsEx11-apn GGG^(apn) TCCACCCACC^(apn) TGGGC^(apn) 38 TCC^(apn) TGAG *AcR₆G denotes a preferred cell-penetrating peptide transporter (acylated R₆; SEQ ID NO 45) conjugated with a glycine linker to the 3′ end of an exemplary targeting sequence. The ^(apn)T in SEQ ID NOs 19 and 20 refer to an apn intersubunit linkage as further described below in Table 3, linkage B10.

Antisense Oligonucleotide Compounds for Use in Methods of Invention

The antisense oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the present invention typically (a) have the ability to be actively taken up by mammalian cells, and (b) once taken up, form a duplex with the target RNA with a Tm greater than about 45° C. In certain embodiments, the oligomer backbone may be substantially uncharged, and, preferably, may be recognized as a substrate for active or facilitated transport across the cell membrane. The ability of the oligomer to form a stable duplex with the target RNA may also relate to other features of the oligomer backbone, including the length and degree of complementarity of the antisense oligomer with respect to the target, the ratio of G:C to A:T base matches, and the positions of any mismatched bases. The ability of the antisense oligomer to resist cellular nucleases may promote survival and ultimate delivery of the agent to the cell cytoplasm. Included are antisense oligomers composed of PMO, PMO+ (PMOplus), PMO-X, LNA, PNAs, and/or 2′O-Me-based chemistries, described herein. In general, PNA and LNA chemistries utilize shorter targeting oligomers due to their relatively high target binding strength compared to PMO and 2′O-Me oligomers.

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are analogs of DNA in which the backbone is structurally homomorphous with a deoxyribose backbone, consisting of N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine units to which pyrimidine or purine bases are attached. PNAs containing natural pyrimidine and purine bases hybridize to complementary oligonucleotides obeying Watson-Crick base-pairing rules, and mimic DNA in terms of base pair recognition (Egholm, Buchardt et al. 1993). The backbone of PNAs is formed by peptide bonds rather than phosphodiester bonds, making them well-suited for antisense applications (see structure below). The backbone is uncharged, resulting in PNA/DNA or PNA/RNA duplexes that exhibit greater than normal thermal stability. PNAs are not recognized by nucleases or proteases.

PNAs are produced synthetically using any technique known in the art. PNA is a DNA analog in which a polyamide backbone replaces the traditional phosphate ribose ring of DNA as shown below.

Despite a radical structural change to the natural RNA or DNA structure, PNA is capable of sequence-specific binding in a helix form to DNA or RNA. Characteristics of PNA include a high binding affinity to complementary DNA or RNA, a destabilizing effect caused by single-base mismatch, resistance to nucleases and proteases, hybridization with DNA or RNA independent of salt concentration and triplex formation with homopurine DNA. Panagene™ has developed its proprietary Bts PNA monomers (Bts; benzothiazole-2-sulfonyl group) and proprietary oligomerisation process. The PNA oligomerisation using Bts PNA monomers is composed of repetitive cycles of deprotection, coupling and capping. Panagene's patents to this technology include U.S. Pat. No. 6,969,766, U.S. Pat. No. 7,211,668, U.S. Pat. No. 7,022,851, U.S. Pat. No. 7,125,994, U.S. Pat. No. 7,145,006 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,179,896. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254, 1497.

Oligonucleotide compounds for use in the methods of the invention may also contain “locked nucleic acid” subunits (LNAs). The structures of LNAs are known in the art: for example, Wengel, et al., Chemical Communications (1998) 455; Tetrahedron (1998) 54, 3607, and Accounts of Chem. Research (1999) 32, 301); Obika, et al., Tetrahedron Letters (1997) 38, 8735; (1998) 39, 5401, and Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry (2008)16, 9230. Exemplary, non-limiting LNA structures are illustrated below:

Compounds for use in the methods of the invention may incorporate one or more LNAs; in some cases, the compounds may be entirely composed of LNAs. Methods for the synthesis of individual LNA nucleoside subunits and their incorporation into oligonucleotides are known in the art: U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,572,582; 7,569,575; 7,084,125; 7,060,809; 7,053,207; 7,034,133; 6,794,499; and 6,670,461. Typical intersubunit linkers include phosphodiester and phosphorothioate moieties; alternatively, non-phosphorous containing linkers may be employed. A preferred embodiment is an LNA containing compound where each LNA subunit is separated by a DNA subunit (i.e., a deoxyribose nucleotide). Further preferred compounds are composed of alternating LNA and DNA subunits where the intersubunit linker is phosphorothioate.

A preferred oligomer structure for use in the methods of the invention employs morpholino-based subunits bearing base-pairing moieties, joined by uncharged linkages, as described above. Especially preferred is a substantially uncharged phosphorodiamidate-linked morpholino oligomer (PMO). Morpholino oligonucleotides, including antisense oligomers, are detailed, for example, in co-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,698,685, 5,217,866, 5,142,047, 5,034,506, 5,166,315, 5,185, 444, 5,521,063, and 5,506,337, and in PCT application No. U.S. Ser. No. 08/088,339, all of which are incorporated by reference.

Certain properties of the morpholino-based subunits include: the ability to be linked in a oligomeric form by stable, uncharged backbone linkages; the ability to support a nucleotide base (e.g., adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil) such that the polymer formed can hybridize with a complementary-base target nucleic acid, including target RNA, with high Tm, even with oligomers as short as 10-14 bases; the ability of the oligomer to be actively transported into mammalian cells; and the ability of the oligomer:RNA heteroduplex to resist RNase degradation.

Properties of the morpholino-based subunits include: 1) the ability to be linked in a oligomeric form by stable, uncharged or positively charged backbone linkages; 2) the ability to support a nucleotide base (e.g., adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine, uracil and hypoxanthine) such that the polymer formed can hybridize with a complementary-base target nucleic acid, including target RNA, Tm values above about 45° C. in relatively short oligonucleotides (e.g., 10-15 bases); 3) the ability of the oligonucleotide to be actively or passively transported into mammalian cells; and 4) the ability of the antisense oligonucleotide:RNA heteroduplex to resist RNase and RNaseH degradation, respectively.

Examples of morpholino oligonucleotides for use in the methods of the invention having phosphorus-containing backbone linkages are illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1C. A preferred phosphorodiamidate-linked morpholino oligonucleotide is shown in FIG. 1C, which is modified, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, to contain positively charged groups at preferably 10%-50% of its backbone linkages. Exemplary backbone structures for antisense oligonucleotides of the claimed subject matter include the morpholino subunit types shown in FIGS. 1A-1C, each linked by an uncharged or positively charged, phosphorus-containing subunit linkage. FIG. 1D shows a phosphorus-containing linkage which forms the five atom repeating-unit backbone, where the morpholino rings are linked by a 1-atom phosphoamide linkage. FIG. 1E shows a linkage which produces a 6-atom repeating-unit backbone. In this structure, the atom Y linking the 5′ morpholino carbon to the phosphorus group may be sulfur, nitrogen, carbon or, preferably, oxygen. The X moiety pendant from the phosphorus may be fluorine, an alkyl or substituted alkyl, an alkoxy or substituted alkoxy, a thioalkoxy or substituted thioalkoxy, or unsubstituted, monosubstituted, or disubstituted nitrogen, including cyclic structures, such as morpholines or piperidines. Alkyl, alkoxy and thioalkoxy preferably include 1-6 carbon atoms. The Z moieties are sulfur or oxygen, and are preferably oxygen.

The linkages shown in FIGS. 1F and 1G are designed for 7-atom unit-length backbones. In FIG. 1F, the X moiety is as in FIG. 1E, and the Y moiety may be methylene, sulfur, or, preferably, oxygen. In FIG. 1G, the X and Y moieties are as FIG. 1E. Particularly preferred morpholino oligonucleotides include those composed of morpholino subunit structures of the form shown in FIG. 1E, where X=NH₂, N(CH₃)₂, or 1-piperazine or other charged group, Y=O, and Z=O.

As noted above, the substantially uncharged oligonucleotide may be modified, in accordance with an aspect of the invention, to include charged linkages, e.g., up to about 1 per every 2-5 uncharged linkages, such as about 4-5 per every 10 uncharged linkages. In certain embodiments, optimal improvement in antisense activity may be seen when about 25% of the backbone linkages are cationic. In certain embodiments, enhancement may be seen with a small number e.g., 10-20% cationic linkages, or where the number of cationic linkages are in the range 50-80%, such as about 60%. The enhancement seen with added cationic backbone charges may, in some cases, be further enhanced by distributing the bulk of the charges close of the “center-region” backbone linkages of the antisense oligonucleotide, e.g., in a 20-mer oligonucleotide with 8 cationic backbone linkages, having at least 70% of these charged linkages localized in the 10 centermost linkages.

In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds for use in the methods of the invention can be prepared by stepwise solid-phase synthesis, employing methods detailed in the references cited above, and below with respect to the synthesis of oligonucleotides having a mixture or uncharged and cationic backbone linkages. In some cases, it may be desirable to add additional chemical moieties to the antisense compound, e.g., to enhance pharmacokinetics or to facilitate capture or detection of the compound. Such a moiety may be covalently attached, typically to a terminus of the oligomer, according to standard synthetic methods. For example, addition of a polyethyleneglycol moiety or other hydrophilic polymer, e.g., one having 10-100 monomeric subunits, may be useful in enhancing solubility. One or more charged groups, e.g., anionic charged groups such as an organic acid, may enhance cell uptake.

A reporter moiety, such as fluorescein or a radiolabeled group, may be attached for purposes of detection. Alternatively, the reporter label attached to the oligomer may be a ligand, such as an antigen or biotin, capable of binding a labeled antibody or streptavidin. In selecting a moiety for attachment or modification of an antisense compound, it is generally of course desirable to select chemical compounds of groups that are biocompatible and likely to be tolerated by a subject without undesirable side effects.

As noted above, certain of the antisense compounds for use in the methods of the invention can be constructed to contain a selected number of cationic linkages interspersed with uncharged linkages of the type described above. The intersubunit linkages, both uncharged and cationic, preferably are phosphorus-containing linkages, having the structure:

where W is S or O, and is preferably O, X=NR¹R² or OR⁶,

Y=O or NR⁷,

and each said linkage in the oligomer is selected from:

(a) uncharged linkage (a), where each of R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ is independently selected from hydrogen and lower alkyl;

(b1) cationic linkage (b1), where X=NR¹R² and Y=O, and NR¹R² represents an optionally substituted piperazino group, such that R¹R²=—CHRCHRN(R³)(R⁴)CHRCHR—, where

each R is independently H or CH₃,

R⁴ is H, CH₃, or an electron pair, and

R³ is selected from H, lower alkyl, e.g., CH₃, C(═NH)NH₂, Z-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂, and [C(O)CHR′NH]_(m)H, where: Z is C(O) or a direct bond, L is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length, preferably up to 12 atoms, and more preferably up to 8 atoms in length, having bonds selected from alkyl, alkoxy, and alkylamino, R′ is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid or a one- or two-carbon homolog thereof, and m is 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4;

(b2) cationic linkage (b2), where X=NR¹R² and Y=O, R¹=H or CH₃, and R²=LNR³R⁴R⁵, where L, R³, and R⁴ are as defined above, and R⁵ is H, lower alkyl, or lower (alkoxy)alkyl; and

(b3) cationic linkage (b3), where Y=NR⁷ and X=OR⁶, and R⁷=LNR³R⁴R⁵, where L, R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are as defined above, and R⁶ is H or lower alkyl;

and at least one said linkage is selected from cationic linkages (b1), (b2), and (b3).

In certain embodiments, an oligomer may include at least two consecutive linkages of type (a) (i.e. uncharged linkages). In further embodiments, at least 5% of the linkages in the oligomer are cationic linkages (i.e. type (b1), (b2), or (b3)); for example, 10% to 60%, and preferably 20-50% linkages may be cationic linkages.

In one embodiment, at least one linkage is of type (b1), where, preferably, each R is H, R⁴ is H, CH₃, or an electron pair, and R³ is selected from H, lower alkyl, e.g., CH₃, C(═NH)NH₂, and C(O)-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂. The latter two embodiments of R³ provide a guanidino moiety, either attached directly to the piperazine ring, or pendant to a linker group L, respectively. For ease of synthesis, the variable Z in R³ is preferably C(O) (carbonyl), as shown.

The linker group L, as noted above, contains bonds in its backbone selected from alkyl (e.g., —CH₂—CH₂—), alkoxy (—C—O—), and alkylamino (e.g., —CH₂—NH—), with the proviso that the terminal atoms in L (e.g., those adjacent to carbonyl or nitrogen) are carbon atoms. Although branched linkages (e.g., —CH₂—CHCH₃—) are possible, the linker is preferably unbranched. In one embodiment, the linker is a hydrocarbon linker. Such a linker may have the structure —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1-12, preferably 2-8, and more preferably 2-6.

The morpholino subunits may have the structure:

where Pi is a base-pairing moiety, and the linkages depicted above connect the nitrogen atom of (i) to the 5′ carbon of an adjacent subunit. The base-pairing moieties Pi may be the same or different, and are generally designed to provide a sequence which binds to a target nucleic acid. The use of embodiments of linkage types (b1), (b2) and (b3) above to link morpholino subunits may be illustrated graphically as follows:

Preferably, all cationic linkages in the oligomer are of the same type; i.e. all of type (b1), all of type (b2), or all of type (b3).

In further embodiments, the cationic linkages are selected from linkages (b1′) and (b1″) as shown below, where (b1″) is referred to herein as a “Pip” linkage and (b1″) is referred to herein as a “GuX” linkage:

In the structures above, W is S or O, and is preferably O; each of R¹ and R² is independently selected from hydrogen and lower alkyl, and is preferably methyl; and A represents hydrogen or a non-interfering substituent on one or more carbon atoms in (b1′) and (b1″). Preferably, the ring carbons in the piperazine ring are unsubstituted; however, they may include non-interfering substituents, such as methyl or fluorine. Preferably, at most one or two carbon atoms is so substituted. In further embodiments, at least 10% of the linkages are of type (b1′) or (b1″); for example, 10%-60% and preferably 20% to 50%, of the linkages may be of type (b1′) or (b1″).

In certain embodiments, the oligomer contains no linkages of the type (b1′) above. Alternatively, the oligomer contains no linkages of type (b1) where each R is H, R³ is H or CH₃, and R⁴ is H, CH₃, or an electron pair.

The morpholino subunits may also be linked by non-phosphorus-based intersubunit linkages, as described further below, where at least one linkage is modified with a pendant cationic group as described above.

Other oligonucleotide analog linkages which are uncharged in their unmodified state but which could also bear a pendant amine substituent could be used. For example, a 5′ nitrogen atom on a morpholino ring could be employed in a sulfamide linkage or a urea linkage (where phosphorus is replaced with carbon or sulfur, respectively) and modified in a manner analogous to the 5′-nitrogen atom in structure (b3) above.

Oligomers having any number of cationic linkages are provided, including fully cationic-linked oligomers. Preferably, however, the oligomers are partially charged, having, for example, 10%-80%. In preferred embodiments, about 10% to 60%, and preferably 20% to 50% of the linkages are cationic.

In one embodiment, the cationic linkages are interspersed along the backbone. The partially charged oligomers preferably contain at least two consecutive uncharged linkages; that is, the oligomer preferably does not have a strictly alternating pattern along its entire length.

Also considered are oligomers having blocks of cationic linkages and blocks of uncharged linkages; for example, a central block of uncharged linkages may be flanked by blocks of cationic linkages, or vice versa. In one embodiment, the oligomer has approximately equal-length 5′, 3′ and center regions, and the percentage of cationic linkages in the center region is greater than about 50%, preferably greater than about 70%.

Oligomers for use in for use in the methods of the invention generally range in length from about 10 to about 40 subunits, more preferably about 10 to 30 subunits, and typically 15-25 bases. For example, an oligomer of the invention having 19-20 subunits, a useful length for an antisense compound, may ideally have two to ten, e.g., four to eight, cationic linkages, and the remainder uncharged linkages. An oligomer having 14-15 subunits may ideally have two to seven, e.g., 3, 4, or 5, cationic linkages and the remainder uncharged linkages.

Each morpholino ring structure supports a base pairing moiety, to form a sequence of base pairing moieties which is typically designed to hybridize to a selected antisense target in a cell or in a subject being treated. The base pairing moiety may be a purine or pyrimidine found in native DNA or RNA (e.g., A, G, C, T or U) or an analog, such as hypoxanthine (the base component of the nucleoside inosine) or 5-methyl cytosine.

As noted above, certain embodiments are directed to oligomers comprising novel intersubunit linkages, including PMO-X oligomers and those having modified terminal groups. In some embodiments, these oligomers have higher affinity for DNA and RNA than do the corresponding unmodified oligomers and demonstrate improved cell delivery, potency, and/or tissue distribution properties compared to oligomers having other intersubunit linkages. In one embodiment, the oligomers comprise at least one intersubunit linkage of type (B) as defined herein. The oligomers may also comprise one or more intersubunit linkages of type (A) as defined herein. The structural features and properties of the various linkage types and oligomers are described in more detail in the following discussion. The synthesis of these and related oligomers is described in co-owned U.S. application Ser. No. 13/118,298, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Linkage (A)

Applicants have found that enhancement of antisense activity, biodistribution and/or other desirable properties can be optimized by preparing oligomers having various intersubunit linkages. For example, the oligomers for use in the methods of the invention may optionally comprise one or more intersubunit linkages of type (A), and in certain embodiments the oligomers comprise at least one linkage of type (A). In some other embodiments each linkage of type (A) has the same structure. Linkages of type (A) may include linkages disclosed in co-owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,762 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Linkage (A) has the following structure (I), wherein 3′ and 5′ indicate the point of attachment to the 3′ and 5′ ends, respectively, of the morpholino ring (i.e., structure (i) discussed below):

or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein:

W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O;

X is, at each occurrence, independently —N(CH₃)₂, —NR¹R², —OR³ or;

Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR²,

R¹ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl;

R² is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or -LNR⁴R⁵R⁷;

R³ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R⁴ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C(═NH)NH₂, —Z-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂ or —[C(═O)CHR′NH]_(m)H, where Z is —C(═O)— or a direct bond, R′ is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid or a one- or two-carbon homolog thereof, and m is 1 to 6;

R⁵ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl or an electron pair;

R⁶ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl;

R⁷ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxyalkyl; and

L is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length comprising alkyl, alkoxy or alkylamino groups, or combinations thereof.

In some examples, the oligomer comprises at least one linkage of type (A). In some other embodiments, the oligomer includes at least two consecutive linkages of type (A). In further embodiments, at least 5% of the linkages in the oligomer are type (A); for example in some embodiments, 5%-95%, 10% to 90%, 10% to 50%, or 10% to 35% of the linkages may be linkage type (A). In some specific embodiments, at least one type (A) linkage is —N(CH₃)₂. In other embodiments, each linkage of type (A) is —N(CH₃)₂. In other embodiments, at least one type (A) linkage is piperizin-1-yl, for example unsubstituted piperazin-1-yl (e.g., A2 or A3). In other embodiments, each linkage of type (A) is piperizin-1-yl, for example unsubstituted piperazin-1-yl.

In some embodiments, W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O, and in certain embodiments W is O.

In some embodiments, X is, at each occurrence, independently —N(CH₃)₂, —NR¹R², —OR³. In some embodiments X is —N(CH₃)₂. In other aspects X is —NR¹R², and in other examples X is —OR³.

In some embodiments, R¹ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen. In other embodiments X is methyl.

In some embodiments, R² is, at each occurrence, hydrogen. In other embodiments R² is, at each occurrence, -LNR⁴R⁵R⁷. In some embodiments, R³ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In other embodiments, R³ is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R³ is ethyl. In some other embodiments, R³ is n-propyl or isopropyl. In some other embodiments, R³ is C₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, R³ is C₅ alkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is C₆ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁴ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen. In other embodiments, R⁴ is methyl or ethyl. In yet other embodiments, R⁴ is —C(═NH)NH₂, and in other embodiments, R⁴ is —Z-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂. In still other embodiments, R⁴ is —[C(═O)CHR′NH]_(m)H. Z is —C(═O)— in one embodiment and Z is a direct bond in another embodiment. R′ is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid. In some embodiments R′ is a one- or two-carbon homolog of a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid.

m is and integer from 1 to 6. m may be 1. m may be 2 m may be 3 m may be 4 m may be 5 m may be 6

In some embodiments, R⁵ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl or an electron pair. In some embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R⁵ is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R⁵ is an electron pair.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl. In some embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R⁶ is methyl.

In other embodiments, R⁷ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₂-C₆ alkoxyalkyl. In some embodiments R7 is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R⁷ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R⁷ is C₂-C₆ alkoxyalkyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is methyl. In other embodiments, R⁷ is ethyl. In yet other embodiments, R⁷ is n-propyl or isopropyl. In some other embodiments, R⁷ is C₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is C₅ alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is C₆ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R⁷ is C₂ alkoxyalkyl. In some other embodiments, R⁷ is C₃ alkoxyalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R⁷ is C₄ alkoxyalkyl. In some embodiments, R⁷ is C₅ alkoxyalkyl. In other embodiments, R⁷ is C₆ alkoxyalkyl.

The linker group L, as noted above, contains bonds in its backbone selected from alkyl (e.g. —CH2-CH2-), alkoxy (e.g., —C—O—C—), and alkylamino (e.g. —CH2-NH—), with the proviso that the terminal atoms in L (e.g., those adjacent to carbonyl or nitrogen) are carbon atoms. Although branched linkages (e.g. —CH2-CHCH3-) are possible, the linker is generally unbranched. In one embodiment, the linker is a hydrocarbon linker. Such a linker may have the structure (CH2)_(n)—, where n is 1-12, preferably 2-8, and more preferably 2-6.

Oligomers having any number of linkage type (A) are provided. In some embodiments, the oligomer contains no linkages of type (A). In certain embodiments, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90 percent of the linkages are linkage (A). In selected embodiments, 10 to 80, 20 to 80, 20 to 60, 20 to 50, 20 to 40, or 20 to 35 percent of the linkages are linkage (A).

Linkage (B)

In some embodiments, the oligomers for use in the methods of the invention comprise at least one linkage of type (B). For example the oligomers may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more linkages of type (B). The type (B) linkages may be adjacent or may be interspersed throughout the oligomer. Linkage type (B) has the following structure (I):

or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein:

W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O;

X is, at each occurrence, independently —NR⁸R⁹ or —OR³; and

Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR¹⁰,

R³ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R⁸ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C₂-C₁₂ alkyl;

R⁹ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aralkyl or aryl;

R¹⁰ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or -LNR⁴R⁵R⁷;

wherein R⁸ and R⁹ may join to form a 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle or R⁸, R⁹ or R³ may join with R¹⁰ to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle, and wherein when X is 4-piparazino, X has the following structure (III):

wherein:

R¹¹ is, at each occurrence, independently C₂-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;

R is, at each occurrence, independently an electron pair, hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; and

R¹² is, at each occurrence, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, —NH₂, —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵, C₁-C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl, oxo, —CN, trifluoromethyl, amidyl, amidinyl, amidinylalkyl, amidinylalkylcarbonyl guanidinyl, guanidinylalkyl, guanidinylalkylcarbonyl, cholate, deoxycholate, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —SR¹³ or C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, wherein R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are, at each occurrence, independently C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

In some examples, the oligomer comprises one linkage of type (B). In some other embodiments, the oligomer comprises two linkages of type (B). In some other embodiments, the oligomer comprises three linkages of type (B). In some other embodiments, the oligomer comprises four linkages of type (B). In still other embodiments, the linkages of type (B) are consecutive (i.e., the type (B) linkages are adjacent to each other). In further embodiments, at least 5% of the linkages in the oligomer are type (B); for example in some embodiments, 5%-95%, 10% to 90%, 10% to 50%, or 10% to 35% of the linkages may be linkage type (B).

In other embodiments, R³ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R³ may be methyl. In some embodiments, R³ may be ethyl. In some other embodiments, R³ may be n-propyl or isopropyl. In yet other embodiments, R³ may be C₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R³ may be C₅ alkyl. In some embodiments, R³ may be C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁸ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C₂-C₁₂ alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁸ is hydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R⁸ is ethyl. In some other embodiments, R⁸ is n-propyl or isopropyl. In some embodiments, R⁸ is C₄ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R is C₅ alkyl. In other embodiments, R is C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁸ is C₇ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R⁸ is C₈ alkyl. In other embodiments, R⁸ is C₉ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R⁸ is C₁₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R⁸ is C₁₁ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R⁸ is C₁₂ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R⁸ is C₂-C₁₂ alkyl and the C₂-C₁₂ alkyl includes one or more double bonds (e.g., alkene), triple bonds (e.g., alkyne) or both. In some embodiments, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁹ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aralkyl or aryl. In some embodiments, R⁹ is hydrogen. In yet other embodiments, R⁹ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. In other embodiments, R⁹ is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R⁹ is ethyl. In some other embodiments, R⁹ is n-propyl or isopropyl. In some embodiments, R⁹ is C₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁹ is C₅ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R⁹ is C₆ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R⁹ is C₇ alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁹ is C₈ alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁹ is C₉ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R⁹ is C₁₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R⁹ is C₁₁ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R⁹ is C₁₂ alkyl.

In some other embodiments, R⁹ is C₁-C₁₂ aralkyl. For example, n some embodiments R⁹ is benzyl and the benzyl may be optionally substituted on either the phenyl ring or the benzylic carbon. Substituents in this regards include alkyl and alkoxy groups, for example methyl or methoxy. In some embodiments, the benzyl group is substituted with methyl at the benzylic carbon. For example, in some embodiments, R⁹ has the following structure (XIV):

In other embodiments, R⁹ is aryl. For example, in some embodiments R⁹ is phenyl, and the phenyl may be optionally substituted. Substituents in this regard substituents include alkyl and alkoxy groups, for example methyl or methoxy. In other embodiments, R⁹ is phenyl and the phenyl comprises a crown ether moiety, for example a 12-18 membered crown ether. In one embodiment the crown ether is 18 membered and may further comprise and additional phenyl moiety. For example, in one embodiment R⁹ has one of the following structures (XV) or XVI):

In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or -LNR⁴R⁵R⁷, wherein R⁴, R⁵ and R⁷ are as defined above with respect to linkage (A). In other embodiments, R¹⁰ is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R¹⁰ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, and in other embodiments R¹⁰ is -LNR⁴R⁵R⁷. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁰ is ethyl. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is C₃ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is C₄ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁰ is C₅ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹⁰ is C₆ alkyl. In other embodiments, R¹⁰ is C₇ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁰ is C₈ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is C₉ alkyl. In other embodiments, R¹⁰ is C₁₀ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁰ is C₁₁ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹⁰ is C₁₂ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁸ and R⁹ join to form a 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle. In some embodiments the heterocycle is a 5 or 6 membered monocyclic heterocycle. For example, in some embodiments linkage (B) has the following structure (IV):

In other embodiments, heterocycle is bicyclic, for example a 12-membered bicyclic heterocycle. The heterocycle may be piperizinyl. The heterocycle may be morpholino. The heterocycle may be piperidinyl. The heterocycle may be decahydroisoquinoline. Representative heterocycles include the following:

In some embodiments, R¹¹ is, at each occurrence, independently C₂-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments, R¹¹ is C₂-C₁₂ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is ethyl. In other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₃ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹¹ is isopropyl. In some other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₅ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is C₆ alkyl. In other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₇ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is C₈ alkyl. In other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₉ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₁₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₁₁ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is C₁₂ alkyl.

In other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is methylamino. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is ethylamino. In other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₃ aminoalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₄ aminoalkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₅ aminoalkyl. In other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₆ aminoalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₇ aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is C₈ aminoalkyl. In other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₉ aminoalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₁₀ aminoalkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₁₁ aminoalkyl. In other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₁₂ aminoalkyl.

In other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₁-C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₁ alkylcarbonyl. In other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₂ alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is C₃ alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₄ alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is C₅ alkylcarbonyl. In some other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₆ alkylcarbonyl. In other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₇ alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₈ alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is C₉ alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₁₀ alkylcarbonyl. In some other embodiments, R¹¹ is C₁₁ alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R¹¹ is C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹¹ is —C(═O)(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H, where n is 1 to 6. For example, in some embodiments, n is 1. In other embodiments, n is 2. In yet other embodiments, n is 3. In some other embodiments, n is 4. In yet other embodiments, n is 5. In other embodiments, n is 6.

In other embodiments, R¹¹ is aryl. For example, in some embodiments, R¹¹ is phenyl. In some embodiments, the phenyl is substituted, for example with a nitro group.

In other embodiments, R¹¹ is heteroaryl. For example, in some embodiments, R¹¹ is pyridinyl. In other embodiments, R¹¹ is pyrimidinyl.

In other embodiments, R¹¹ is heterocyclyl. For example, in some embodiments, R¹¹ is piperidinyl, for example piperidin-4-yl.

In some embodiments, R¹¹ is ethyl, isopropyl, piperidinyl, pyrimidinyl, cholate, deoxycholate, or —C(═O)(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H, where n is 1 to 6.

In some embodiments, R is an electron pair. In other embodiments, R is hydrogen, and in other embodiments R is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. In some embodiments, R is methyl. In some embodiments, R is ethyl. In other embodiments, R is C₃ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R is isopropyl. In some other embodiments, R is C₄ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R is C₅ alkyl. In some embodiments, R is C₆ alkyl. In other embodiments, R is C₇ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R is C₈ alkyl. In other embodiments, R is C₉ alkyl. In some embodiments, R is C₁₀ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R is C₁₁ alkyl. In some embodiments, R is C₁₂ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R¹² is, at each occurrence, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, —NH₂, —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵, oxo, —CN, trifluoromethyl, amidyl, amidinyl, amidinylalkyl, amidinylalkylcarbonyl guanidinyl, guanidinylalkyl, guanidinylalkylcarbonyl, cholate, deoxycholate, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —SR¹³ or C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, wherein R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are, at each occurrence, independently C₁-C₁₂ alkyl

In some embodiments, R¹² is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is —NH₂. In some embodiments, R¹² is —NR¹³R¹⁴. In some embodiments, R¹² is —NR¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₁-C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is oxo. In some embodiments, R¹² is —CN. In some embodiments, R¹² is trifluoromethyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is amidyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is amidinyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is amidinylalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is amidinylalkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is guanidinyl, for example mono methylguanidynyl or dimethylguanidinyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is guanidinylalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is amidinylalkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is cholate. In some embodiments, R¹² is deoxycholate. In some embodiments, R¹² is aryl. In some embodiments, R¹² is heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R¹² is heterocycle. In some embodiments, R¹² is —SR¹³. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy. In some embodiments, R¹² is dimethyl amine.

In other embodiments, R¹² is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is ethyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₃ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, R¹² is C₅ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is C₆ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹² is C₇ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₈ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is C₉ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₁₀ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is C₁₁ alkyl. In other embodiments, R¹² is C₁₂ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, the alkyl moiety is substituted with one or more oxygen atom to form an ether moiety, for example a methoxymethyl moiety.

In some embodiments, R¹² is methylamino. In other embodiments, R¹² is ethylamino. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is C₃ aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₄ aminoalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is C₅ aminoalkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹² is C₆ aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₇ aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₈ aminoalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is C₉ aminoalkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹² is C₁₀ aminoalkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is C₁₁ aminoalkyl. In other embodiments, R¹² is C₁₂ aminoalkyl. In some embodiments, the amino alkyl is a dimethylamino alkyl.

In yet other embodiments, R¹² is acetyl. In some other embodiments, R¹² is C₂ alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₃ alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is C₄ alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₅ alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is C₆ alkylcarbonyl. In some other embodiments, R¹² is C₇ alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₈ alkylcarbonyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is C₉ alkylcarbonyl. In some other embodiments, R¹² is C₁₀ alkylcarbonyl. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₁₁ alkylcarbonyl. In other embodiments, R¹² is C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl. The alkylcarbonyl is substituted with a carboxy moiety, for example the alkylcarbonyl is substituted to form a succinic acid moiety (i.e., a 3-carboxyalkylcarbonyl). In other embodiments, the alkylcarbonyl is substituted with a terminal —SH group.

In some embodiments, R¹² is amidyl. In some embodiments, the amidyl comprises an alkyl moiety which is further substituted, for example with —SH, carbamate, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the amidyl is substituted with an aryl moiety, for example phenyl. In certain embodiments, R¹² may have the following structure (IX):

wherein R¹⁶ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, —CN, aryl or heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R¹² is methoxy. In other embodiments, R¹² is ethoxy. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is C₃ alkoxy. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₄ alkoxy. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₅ alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R¹² is C₆ alkoxy. In other embodiments, R¹² is C₇ alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R¹² is C₈ alkoxy. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₉ alkoxy. In other embodiments, R¹² is C₁₀ alkoxy. In some embodiments, R¹² is C₁₁ alkoxy. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is C₁₂ alkoxy.

In certain embodiments, R¹² is pyrrolidinyl, for example pyrrolidin-1-yl. In other embodiments, R¹² is piperidinyl, for example piperidin-1-yl or piperidin-4-yl. In other embodiment, R¹² is morpholino, for example morpholin-4-yl. In other embodiments, R¹² is phenyl, and in even further embodiments, the phenyl is substituted, for example with a nitro group. In still other embodiments, R¹² is pyrimidinyl, for example pyrimidin-2-yl.

In other embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are, at each occurrence, independently C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ is ethyl. In other embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ is C₃ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ is isopropyl. In other embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ is C₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ is C₅ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ is C₆ alkyl. In other embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ is C₇ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ is C₈ alkyl. In other embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ is C₉ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ is C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ is C₁₁ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹³, R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ is C₁₂ alkyl.

As noted above, in some embodiments, R¹² is amidyl substituted with an aryl moiety. In this regard, each occurrence of R¹⁶ may be the same or different. In certain of these embodiments, R¹⁶ is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R¹⁶ is —CN. In other embodiments, R¹⁶ is heteroaryl, for example tretrazolyl. In certain other embodiments, R¹⁶ is methoxy. In other embodiments, R¹⁶ is aryl, and the aryl is optionally substituted. Optional substitutents in this regard include: C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, for example methoxy; trifluoromethoxy; halo, for example chloro; and trifluoromethyl.

In other embodiments, R¹⁶ is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁶ is ethyl. In some embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₃ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹⁶ is isopropyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₅ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₆ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₇ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₈ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₉ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₁₀ alkyl. In other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₁₁ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₁₂ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R¹⁶ is methoxy. In some embodiments, R¹⁶ is ethoxy. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₃ alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₄ alkoxy. In other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₅ alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₆ alkoxy. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₇ alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₈ alkoxy. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₉ alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₁₀ alkoxy. In some embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₁₁ alkoxy. In some other embodiments, R¹⁶ is C₁₂ alkoxy.

In some other embodiments, R⁸ and R⁹ join to form a 12-18 membered crown ether. For example, in some embodiments, the crown ether s 18 membered, and in other embodiments the crown ether is 15 membered. In certain embodiments, R⁸ and R⁹ join to form a heterocycle having one of the following structures (X) or (XI):

In some embodiments, R⁸, R⁹ or R³ join with R¹⁰ to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle. For example, in some embodiments, R³ joins with R¹⁰ to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle. In some embodiments, the heterocycle is 5-membered. In other embodiments, the heterocycle is 6-membered. In other embodiments, the heterocycle is 7-membered. In some embodiments, the heterocycle is represented by the following structure (XII):

wherein Z′ represents a 5-7 membered heterocycle. In certain embodiments of structure (XI), R¹² is hydrogen at each occurrence. For example, linkage (B) may have one of the following structures (B1), (B2) or (B3):

In certain other embodiments, R¹² is C₁-C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl or amidyl which is further substituted with an arylphosphoryl moiety, for example a triphenyl phosphoryl moiety. Examples of linkages having this structure include B56 and B55.

In certain embodiment, linkage (B) does not have any of the structures A1-A5. Table 3 shows representative linkages of type (A) and (B).

TABLE 3 Representative Intersubunit Linkages No. Name Structure A1 PMO

A2 PMO⁺ (unprotonated form depicted)

A3 PMO⁺ (+)

A4 PMO^(mepip) (m+)

A5 PMO^(GUX)

B1 PMO^(cp)

B2 PMO^(cps)

B3 PMO^(cpr)

B4 PMO^(Shc)

B5 PMO^(morpholino) (m)

B6 PMO^(tri) (t)

B7 PMO^(hex) (h)

B8 PMO^(dodec)

B9 PMO^(dihex)

B10 PMO^(apn) (a)

B11 PMO^(pyr) (p)

B12 PMO^(pyr) (HCl Salt)

B13 PMO^(rba)

B14 PMO^(sba)

B15 PMO^(dimethylapn)

B16 PMO^(etpip)

B17 PMO^(iprpip)

B18 PMO^(pyrQMe)

B19 PMO^(cb)

B20 PMO^(ma)

B21 PMO^(bu)

B22 PMO^(bi)

B23 PMO^(pip)

B24 PMO^(odmb)

B25 PMO^(tfb)

B26 PMO^(ctfb)

B27 PMO^(ptfb)

B28 PMO^(dcb)

B29 PMO^(dmb)

B30 PMO^(hy)

B31 PMO^(6ce)

B32 PMO^(b)

B33 PMO^(q)

B34 PMO^(npp)

B35 PMO^(o)

B36 PMO^(4ce)

B37 PMO^(5ce)

B38 PMO^(f3p)

B39 PMO^(cyp)

B40 PMO^(mop)

B41 PMO^(pp)

B42 PMO^(dmepip)

B43 PMO^(NPpip)

B44 PMO^(bipip)

B45 PMO^(suc)

B46 PMO^(glutaric)

B47 PMO^(tet)

B48 PMO^(thiol) (SH)

B49 PMO^(pros)

B50 PMO^(pror)

B51 PMO^(tme)

B52 PMO^(ca)

B53 PMO^(dca)

B54 PMO^(guan) (g)

B55 PMO^(+phos)

B56 PMO^(apaphos)

In the sequences and discussion that follows, the above names for the linkages are often used. For example, a base comprising a PMO^(apn) linkage is illustrated as ^(apn)B, where B is a base. Other linkages are designated similarly. In addition, abbreviated designations may be used, for example, the abbreviated designations in parentheses above may be used (e.g., ^(a)B, refers to ^(apn)B). Other readily identifiable abbreviations may also be used.

As noted above, the present methods of the invention also provide an oligomer comprising modified terminal groups. Applicants have found that modification of the 3′ and/or 5′ end of the oligomer with various chemical moieties provides beneficial therapeutic properties (e.g., enhanced cell delivery, potency, and/or tissue distribution, etc.) to the oligomers. In various embodiments, the modified terminal groups comprise a hydrophobic moiety, while in other embodiments the modified terminal groups comprise a hydrophilic moiety. The modified terminal groups may be present with or without the linkages described above. For example, in some embodiments, the oligomers comprise one or more modified terminal group and linkages of type (A), for example linkages wherein X is —N(CH₃)₂. In other embodiments, the oligomers comprise one or more modified terminal group and linkages of type (B), for example linkages wherein X is 4-aminopiperidin-1-yl (i.e., APN). In yet other embodiments, the oligomers comprise one or more modified terminal group and a mixture of linkages (A) and (B). For example, the oligomers may comprise one or more modified terminal group (e.g., trityl or triphenyl acetyl) and linkages wherein X is —N(CH₃)₂ and linkages wherein X is 4-aminopiperidin-1-yl. Other combinations of modified terminal groups and modified linkages also provide favorable therapeutic properties to the oligomers.

In one embodiment, the oligomers comprising terminal modifications have the following structure (XVII):

or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein X, W and Y are as defined above for any of linkages (A) and (B) and:

R¹⁷ is, at each occurrence, independently absent, hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are, at each occurrence, independently absent, hydrogen, a cell-penetrating peptide, a natural or non-natural amino acid, C₂-C₃₀ alkylcarbonyl, —C(═O)OR²¹ or R²⁰;

R²⁰ is, at each occurrence, independently guanidinyl, heterocyclyl, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; C₆-C₃₀ aryl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkyl, C₃-C₃₀ alkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ arylcarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₃₀ alkyloxycarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aryloxycarbonyl, C₈-C₃₀ aralkyloxycarbonyl, or —P(═O)(R²²)₂;

B is a base-pairing moiety;

L¹ is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length comprising bonds selected from alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, amide, ester, carbonyl, carbamate, phosphorodiamidate, phosphoroamidate, phosphorothioate, piperazine and phosphodiester; and

x is an integer of 0 or greater; and wherein at least one of R¹⁸ or R¹⁹ is R²⁰; and

wherein at least one of R¹⁸ or R¹⁹ is R²⁰ and provided that both of R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are not absent.

The oligomers with modified terminal groups may comprise any number of linkages of types (A) and (B). For example, the oligomers may comprise only linkage type (A). For example, X in each linkage may be —N(CH₃)₂. Alternatively, the oligomers may only comprise linkage (B). In certain embodiments, the oligomers comprise a mixture of linkages (A) and (B), for example from 1 to 4 linkages of type (B) and the remainder of the linkages being of type (A). Linkages in this regard include, but are not limited to, linkages wherein X is aminopiperidinyl for type (B) and dimethyl amino for type (A).

In some embodiments, R¹⁷ is absent. In some embodiments, R¹⁷ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R¹⁷ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹⁷ is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁷ is ethyl. In some embodiments, R¹⁷ is C₃ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹⁷ is isopropyl. In other embodiments, R¹⁷ is C₄ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁷ is C₅ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R¹⁷ is C₆ alkyl.

In other embodiments, R¹⁸ is absent. In some embodiments, R¹⁸ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R¹⁸ is a cell-penetrating peptide as described in more detail below. In some embodiments, R¹⁸ is a natural or non-natural amino acid, for example trimethylglycine. In some embodiments, R¹⁸ is R²⁰.

In other embodiments, R¹⁹ is absent. In some embodiments, R¹⁹ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R¹⁹ is a cell-penetrating peptide as described in more detail below. In some embodiments, R¹⁹ is a natural or non-natural amino acid, for example trimethylglycine. In some embodiments, R¹⁹ is —C(═O)OR¹⁷, for example R¹⁹ may have the following structure:

In other embodiments R¹⁸ or R¹⁹ is C₂-C₃₀ alkylcarbonyl, for example —C(═O)(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H, where n is 1 to 6, for example 2. In other examples, R¹⁸ or R¹⁹ is acetyl.

In some embodiments, R²⁰ is, at each occurrence, independently guanidinyl, heterocyclyl, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; C₆-C₃₀ aryl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkyl, C₃-C₃₀ alkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C₆-C₃₀ arylcarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₃₀ alkyloxycarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aryloxycarbonyl, C₈-C₃₀ aralkyloxycarbonyl, —C(═O)OR²¹, or —P(═O)(R²²)₂, wherein R²¹ is C₁-C₃₀ alkyl comprising one or more oxygen or hydroxyl moieties or combinations thereof and each R²² is C⁶-C¹² aryloxy.

In certain other embodiments, R¹⁹ is —C(═O)OR²¹ and R¹⁸ is hydrogen, guanidinyl, heterocyclyl, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; C₆-C₃₀ aryl, C₃-C₃₀ alkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ arylcarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₃₀ alkyloxycarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aryloxycarbonyl, C₈-C₃₀ aralkyloxycarbonyl, or —P(═O)(R²²)₂, wherein each R²² is C⁶-C¹² aryloxy.

In other embodiments, R²⁰ is, at each occurrence, independently guanidinyl, heterocyclyl, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; C₆-C₃₀ aryl, C₃-C₃₀ alkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ arylcarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₃₀ alkyloxycarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aryloxycarbonyl, C₈-C₃₀ aralkyloxycarbonyl, or —P(═O)(R²²)₂. While in other examples, R²⁰ is, at each occurrence, independently guanidinyl, heterocyclyl, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; C₆-C₃₀ aryl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ arylcarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkylcarbonyl, C₂-C₃₀ alkyloxycarbonyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aryloxycarbonyl, C₈-C₃₀ aralkyloxycarbonyl, or —P(═O)(R²²)₂.

In some embodiments R²⁰ is guanidinyl, for example mono methylguanidynyl or dimethylguanidinyl. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is heterocyclyl. For example, in some embodiments, R²⁰ is piperidin-4-yl. In some embodiments, the piperidin-4-yl is substituted with trityl or Boc groups. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is C₆-C₃₀ aryl.

In some embodiments, R²⁰ is C₇-C₃₀ arylcarbonyl. For example, In some embodiments, R²⁰ has the following structure (XVIII):

wherein R²³ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, C₁-C₃₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₃₀ alkyloxycarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclalkyl, and wherein one R²³ may join with another R²³ to form a heterocyclyl ring. In some embodiments, at least one R²³ is hydrogen, for example, in some embodiments, each R²³ is hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least one R²³ is C₁-C₃₀ alkoxy, for example in some embodiments, each R²³ is methoxy. In other embodiments, at least one R²³ is heteroaryl, for example in some embodiments, at least one R²³ has one of the following structures (XVIIIa) of (XVIIIb):

In still other embodiments, one R²³ joins with another R²³ to form a heterocyclyl ring. For example, in one embodiment, R²⁰ is 5-carboxyfluorescein.

In other embodiments, R²⁰ is C₇-C₃₀ aralkylcarbonyl. For example, in various embodiments, R²⁰ has one of the following structures (XIX), (XX) or (XXI):

wherein R²³ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, C₁-C₃₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₃₀ alkyloxycarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclalkyl, wherein one R²³ may join with another R²³ to form a heterocyclyl ring, X is —OH or halo and m is an integer from 0 to 6. In some specific embodiments, m is 0. In other embodiments, m is 1, while in other embodiments, m is 2. In other embodiments, at least one R²³ is hydrogen, for example in some embodiments each R²³ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, X is hydrogen. In other embodiments, X is —OH. In other embodiments, X is Cl. In other embodiments, at least one R²³ is C₁-C₃₀ alkoxy, for example methoxy.

In still other embodiments, R²⁰ is C₇-C₃₀ aralkyl, for example trityl. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is methoxy trityl. In some embodiments, R²⁰ has the following structure (XXII):

wherein R²³ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, C₁-C₃₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₃₀ alkyloxycarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclalkyl, and wherein one R²³ may join with another R²³ to form a heterocyclyl ring. For example, in some embodiments each R²³ is hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least one R²³ is C₁-C₃₀ alkoxy, for example methoxy.

In yet other embodiments, R²⁰ is C₇-C₃₀ aralkyl and R²⁰ has the following structure (XXIII):

In some embodiments, at least one R²³ is halo, for example chloro. In some other embodiments, one R²³ is chloro in the para position.

In other embodiments, R²⁰ is C₁-C₃₀ alkyl. For example, In some embodiments, R²⁰ is a C₄-C₂₀ alkyl and optionally comprises one or more double bonds. For example, In some embodiments, R²⁰ is a C₄₋₁₀ alkyl comprising a triple bond, for example a terminal triple bond. In some embodiments, R²⁰ is hexyn-6-yl. In some embodiments, R²⁰ has one of the following structures (XXIV), (XXV), (XXVI) or (XXVII):

In still other embodiments, R²⁰ is a C₃-C₃₀ alkylcarbonyl, for example a C₃-C₁₀ alkyl carbonyl. In some embodiments, R²⁰ is —C(═O)(CH₂)_(p)SH or —C(═O)(CH₂)_(p)SSHet, wherein p is an integer from 1 to 6 and Het is a heteroaryl. For example, p may be 1 or p may be 2. In other example Het is pyridinyl, for example pyridin-2-yl. In other embodiments, the C₃-C₃₀ alkylcarbonyl is substituted with a further oligomer, for example in some embodiments the oligomer comprises a C₃-C₃₀ alkyl carbonyl at the 3′ position which links the oligomer to the 3′ position of another oligomer. Such terminal modifications are included within the scope of the present disclosure.

In other embodiments, R²⁰ is a C₃-C₃₀ alkyl carbonyl which is further substituted with an arylphosphoryl moiety, for example triphenyl phosphoryl. Examples of such R²⁰ groups include structure 33 in Table 2.

In other examples, R₂₀ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkylcarbonyl, for example C₅-C₇ alkyl carbonyl. In these embodiments, R₂₀ has the following structure (XXVIII):

wherein R²³ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, C₁-C₃₀ alkoxy, C₁-C₃₀ alkyloxycarbonyl, C₇-C₃₀ aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclalkyl, and wherein one R²³ may join with another R²³ to form a heterocyclyl ring. In some embodiments, R²³ is heterocyclylalkyl, for example in some embodiments R²³ has the following structure:

In some other embodiments, R²⁰ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is C₂-C₃₀ alkyloxycarbonyl. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyloxycarbonyl. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is C₇-C₃₀ aryloxycarbonyl. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is C₈-C₃₀ aralkyloxycarbonyl. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is —P(═O)(R²²)₂, wherein each R²² is C⁶-C¹² aryloxy, for example in some embodiments R²⁰ has the following structure (C24):

In other embodiments, R²⁰ comprises one or more halo atoms. For example, in some embodiments R²⁰ comprises a perfluoro analogue of any of the above R²⁰ moieties. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is p-trifluoromethylphenyl, trifluoromethyltrityl, perfluoropentyl or pentafluorophenyl.

In some embodiments the 3′ terminus comprises a modification and in other embodiments the 5′ terminus comprises a modification. In other embodiments both the 3′ and 5′ termini comprise modifications. Accordingly, in some embodiments, R¹⁸ is absent and R¹⁹ is R²⁰. In other embodiments, R¹⁹ is absent and R¹⁸ is R²⁰. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are each R²⁰.

In some embodiments, the oligomer comprises a cell-penetrating peptide in addition to a 3′ or 5′ modification. Accordingly, in some embodiments R¹⁹ is a cell-penetrating peptide and R¹⁸ is R²⁰. In other embodiments, R¹⁸ is a cell-penetrating peptide and R¹⁹ is R²⁰. In further embodiments of the foregoing, the cell-penetrating peptide is an arginine-rich peptide.

In some embodiments, the linker L¹ that links the 5′ terminal group (i.e., R¹⁹) to the oligomer may be present or absent. The linker comprises any number of functional groups and lengths provided the linker retains its ability to link the 5′ terminal group to the oligomer and provided that the linker does not interfere with the oligomer's ability to bind to a target sequence in a sequence specific manner. In one embodiment, L comprises phosphorodiamidate and piperazine bonds. For example, in some embodiments L has the following structure (XXIX):

wherein R²⁴ is absent, hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R²⁴ is absent. In some embodiments, R²⁴ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R²⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R²⁴ is methyl. In other embodiments, R²⁴ is ethyl. In yet other embodiments, R²⁴ is C₃ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R²⁴ is isopropyl. In yet other embodiments, R²⁴ is C₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R²⁴ is C₅ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R²⁴ is C₆ alkyl.

In yet other embodiments, R²⁰ is C₃-C₃₀ alkylcarbonyl, and R²⁰ has the following structure (XXX):

wherein R²⁵ is hydrogen or —SR²⁶, wherein R²⁶ is hydrogen, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and q is an integer from 0 to 6.

In further embodiments of any of the above, R²³ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, halo, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, C₁-C₃₀ alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclalkyl.

In some other embodiments, only the 3′ terminus of the oligomer is conjugated to one of the groups noted above. In some other embodiments, only the 5′ terminus of the oligomer is conjugated to one of the groups noted above. In other embodiments, both the 3′ and 5′ termini comprise one of the groups noted above. The terminal group may be selected from any one of the groups noted above or any of the specific groups illustrated in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Representative Terminal Groups No. Name Structure C1 Trimethoxybenzoyl

C2 9-fluorene-carboxyl

C3 4-carbazolylbenzoyl

C4 4-indazolylonebenzoyl

C5 Farnesyl

C6 Geranyl

C7 Prenyl

C8 Diphenylacetyl

C9 Chlorodiphenylacetyl

C10 Hydroxydiphenylacetyl

C11 Triphenylpropionyl

C12 Triphenylpropyl

C13 Triphenylacetyl

C14 Trityl (Tr)

C15 Methoxytrityl (MeOTr)

C16 Methylsuccinimidyl- cyclohexoyl

C17 Thioacetyl

C18 COCH₂CH₂SSPy

C19 Guanidinyl

C20 Trimethylglycine

C21 Lauroyl

C22 Triethyleneglycoloyl (EG3)

C23 Succinicacetyl

C24 Diphenylphosphoryl

C25 Piperidin-4-yl

C26 Tritylpiperidin-4-yl

C27 Boc- Piperidin-4-yl

C28 Hexyn-6-yl

C29 5-carboxyfluorescein

C30 Benzhydryl

C31 p-Chlorobenzhydryl

C32 Piperazinyl (pip)

C33 Triphenylphos

C34 Dimerized

Peptide Transporters

In some embodiments of the methods of the invention, the subject oligomer is conjugated to a peptide transporter moiety, for example a cell-penetrating peptide transport moiety, which is effective to enhance transport of the oligomer into cells. For example, in some embodiments the peptide transporter moiety is an arginine-rich peptide. In further embodiments, the transport moiety is attached to either the 5′ or 3′ terminus of the oligomer. When such peptide is conjugated to either termini, the opposite termini is then available for further conjugation to a modified terminal group as described herein.

In some embodiments of the foregoing, the peptide transport moiety comprises 6 to 16 subunits selected from X′ subunits, Y′ subunits, and Z′ subunits,

where

(a) each X′ subunit independently represents lysine, arginine or an arginine analog, said analog being a cationic α-amino acid comprising a side chain of the structure R³³N═C(NH₂)R³⁴, where R³³ is H or R; R³⁴ is R³⁵, NH₂, NHR, or NR₃₄, where R³⁵ is lower alkyl or lower alkenyl and may further include oxygen or nitrogen; R³³ and R³⁴ may together form a ring; and the side chain is linked to said amino acid via R³³ or R³⁴;

(b) each Y′ subunit independently represents a neutral amino acid —C(O)—(CHR)_(n)—NH—, where n is 2 to 7 and each R is independently H or methyl; and

(c) each Z′ subunit independently represents an α-amino acid having a neutral aralkyl side chain;

wherein the peptide comprises a sequence represented by one of (X′Y′X′)_(p), (X′Y′)_(m), and (X′Z′Z′)_(p), where p is 2 to 5 and m is 2 to 8.

In selected embodiments, for each X′, the side chain moiety is guanidyl, as in the amino acid subunit arginine (Arg). In further embodiments, each Y′ is —CO—(CH₂)_(n)—CHR—NH—, where n is 2 to 7 and R is H. For example, when n is 5 and R is H, Y′ is a 6-aminohexanoic acid subunit, abbreviated herein as Ahx; when n is 2 and R is H, Y′ is a β-alanine subunit.

In certain embodiments, peptides of this type include those comprising arginine dimers alternating with single Y′ subunits, where Y′ is Ahx. Examples include peptides having the formula (RY′R)_(p) or the formula (RRY′)_(p), where Y′ is Ahx. In one embodiment, Y′ is a 6-aminohexanoic acid subunit, R is arginine and p is 4.

In a further embodiment, each Z′ is phenylalanine, and m is 3 or 4.

In some embodiments, the conjugated peptide is linked to a terminus of the oligomer via a linker Ahx-B, where Ahx is a 6-aminohexanoic acid subunit and B is a β-alanine subunit.

In selected embodiments, for each X′, the side chain moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of guanidyl (HN═C(NH₂)NH—), amidinyl (HN═C(NH₂)C—), 2-aminodihydropyrimidyl, 2-aminotetrahydropyrimidyl, 2-aminopyridinyl, and 2-aminopyrimidonyl, and it is preferably selected from guanidyl and amidinyl. In one embodiment, the side chain moiety is guanidyl, as in the amino acid subunit arginine (Arg).

In some embodiments, the Y′ subunits are either contiguous, in that no X′ subunits intervene between Y′ subunits, or interspersed singly between X′ subunits. However, in some embodiments the linking subunit may be between Y′ subunits. In one embodiment, the Y′ subunits are at a terminus of the peptide transporter; in other embodiments, they are flanked by X′ subunits. In further embodiments, each Y′ is —CO—(CH₂)_(n)—CHR—NH—, where n is 2 to 7 and R is H. For example, when n is 5 and R is H, Y′ is a 6-aminohexanoic acid subunit, abbreviated herein as Ahx. In selected embodiments of this group, each X′ comprises a guanidyl side chain moiety, as in an arginine subunit. Exemplary peptides of this type include those comprising arginine dimers alternating with single Y′ subunits, where Y′ is preferably Ahx. Examples include peptides having the formula (RY′R)₄ or the formula (RRY′)₄, where Y′ is preferably Ahx. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid analog is linked to a terminal Y′ subunit, preferably at the C-terminus. In other embodiments, the linker is of the structure AhxB, where Ahx is a 6-aminohexanoic acid subunit and B is a β-alanine subunit.

The peptide transport moieties as described above have been shown to greatly enhance cell entry of attached oligomers, relative to uptake of the oligomer in the absence of the attached transport moiety, and relative to uptake by an attached transport moiety lacking the hydrophobic subunits Y′. Such enhanced uptake may be evidenced by at least a two-fold increase, or in other embodiments a four-fold increase, in the uptake of the compound into mammalian cells relative to uptake of the agent by an attached transport moiety lacking the hydrophobic subunits Y′. In some embodiments, uptake is enhanced at least twenty fold or at least forty fold, relative to the unconjugated compound.

A further benefit of the peptide transport moiety is its expected ability to stabilize a duplex between an antisense oligomer and its target nucleic acid sequence. While not wishing to be bound by theory, this ability to stabilize a duplex may result from the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged transport moiety and the negatively charged nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the number of charged subunits in the transporter is less than 14, as noted above, or in other embodiments between 8 and 11, since too high a number of charged subunits may lead to a reduction in sequence specificity.

The present disclosure also incorporates conjugates of peptide transport moieties and nucleic acid analogues. As noted above, the peptide transport moieties are generally effective to enhance cell penetration of the nucleic acid analogues. The applicants have also discovered that including a glycine (G) or proline (P) amino acid subunit between the nucleic acid analogue and the remainder of the peptide transport moiety (e.g., at the carboxy or amino terminus of the carrier peptide) reduces the toxicity of the conjugate, while the efficacy remains the same or is improved relative to conjugates with different linkages between the peptide transport moiety and nucleic acid analogue. Thus the presently disclosed conjugates have a better therapeutic window and are more promising drug candidates than other peptide-oligomer conjugates.

In addition to reduced toxicity, the presence of a glycine or proline amino acid subunit between the nucleic acid analogue and the carrier peptide is believed to provide additional advantages. For example, glycine is inexpensive and is easily coupled to the nucleic acid analogue (or optional linker) without any possibility of racemization. Similarly, proline is easily coupled without racemization and also provides carrier peptides which are not helix formers. The hydrophobicity of proline may also confer certain advantages with respect to interaction of the carrier peptide with the lipid bilayer of cells, and carrier peptides comprising multiple prolines (for example in certain embodiments) may resist G-tetraplex formation. Finally, in certain embodiments, when the proline moiety is adjacent to an arginine amino acid subunit, the proline moiety confers metabolic stability to the conjugates since the argine-proline amide bond is not cleavable by common endopeptidases.

In some embodiments, conjugation of peptides to antisense oligonucleotides is as described in PCT publication W02012/1150960 which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In a particular embodiment, for example, a peptide conjugated oligonucleotide utilizes glycine as the linker between the CPP and the antisense oligonucleotide. For example, antisense oligonucleotides of the invention can be coupled to an arginine-rich peptide, such as (Arg)6Gly (6 arginine and 1 glycine linked to an oligonucleotide). As an example, this peptide can be conjugated to a PMO and is known as “R6-G-PMO”.

Further exemplary arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide transporters comprising various linkers (C, G, P, Ahx, B) are given below in Table 5. As disclosed in Table 2 above, a preferred cell-penetrating peptide transporter is SEQ ID NO: 45 conjugated to a PMO at the 3′ terminus through a glycine linker (R₆G). Linkage of R₆G to the 5′ terminus is also a preferred embodiment.

TABLE 5 Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptide  Transporters SEQ NAME ID (DESIGNATION) SEQUENCE NO.^(A) rTAT RRRQRRKKR 39 Tat RKKRRQRRR 40 R₉F₂ RRRRRRRRRFF 41 R₅F₂R₄ RRRRRFFRRRR 42 R₄ RRRR 43 R₅ RRRRR 44 R₆ RRRRRR 45 R₇ RRRRRRR 46 R₈ RRRRRRRR 47 R₉ RRRRRRRRR 48 (RX)₈ RXRXRXRXRXRXRXRX 49 (RAhxR)₄;  RAhxRRAhxRRAhxRRAhxR 50 (P007) (RAhxR)₅;  RAhxRRAhxRRAhxRRAhxRRAhxR 51 (CP04057) (RAhxRRBR)₂;  RAhxRRBRRAhxRRBR 52 (CP06062) (RAR)₄F₂ RARRARRARRARFFC 53 (RGR)₄F₂ RGRRGRRGRRGRFFC 54 ^(A)Sequences assigned to SEQ ID NOs do not include the linkage portion (e.g., C, G, P, Ahx, B, AhxB where Ahx and B refer to 6-aminohexanoic acid and beta-alanine, respectively).

Methods of Use and Pharmaceutical Formulations

The present invention relates to methods for treating progeroid diseases, such as laminopathies and related diseases or conditions in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an antisense oligonucleotide as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition containing the same, wherein the oligonucleotide inhibits expression of mutant LMNA protein mRNA by modulating splicing of LMNA pre-mRNA. In certain aspects, for example, these and related methods can be applied to treating progeroid laminopathies in clinical settings where progerin expression is associated with a disease such as HGPS. These and related embodiments can also be combined with methods of treating or reducing progeriod laminopathies, by concurrently or sequentially carrying out the methods of the invention with the other treatment.

The results described herein can be generalized to the aging process and related conditions and diseases, beyond progeroid laminopathies. This is because HGPS is in many respects closely connected to normal aging processes. HGPS continues to be recognized as a useful model of aging (Fossel, J. Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 13 Suppl 6:1477-1481, 2000). For instance, the connection to atherosclerosis is very strong, especially of the coronary arteries. In addition, alopecia in HGPS is similar to that seen in subjects with advanced age. Further, the prime cellular feature of HGPS, as described many years ago by Hayflick and others (Hayflick, N Engl J Med 295:1302-1308, 1976) is early cellular senescence. The limited number of cell divisions in HGPS fibroblasts is similar to what is seen in fibroblasts derived from elderly individuals. That was further explored by research showing similarities in the gene expression patterns of HGPS fibroblasts and those derived from elderly persons, distinguishing them from fibroblasts derived from younger persons (Ly et al., Science 287: 2486-2492, 2000).

Accordingly, it will be understood that a method for treating a progeroid disease or related condition as described herein can include the treatment of a progeroid laminopathy, such as HGPS, or another progeroid disease or condition, an age-related condition, a cardiovascular disease or condition (such as atherosclerosis), and the like.

It will be understood that an effective in vivo treatment regimen using the methods of the invention may vary according to the duration, dose, frequency and route of administration of an oligonucleotide, as well as the condition of the subject under treatment (i.e., prophylactic administration versus administration in response to an existing condition). Accordingly, such in vivo therapy will often require monitoring by tests appropriate to the particular type of disease under treatment, and corresponding adjustments in the dose or treatment regimen, in order to achieve an optimal therapeutic outcome.

In certain embodiments, the methods of the invention employ formulations or compositions suitable for the therapeutic delivery of antisense oligomers, as described herein. Hence, in certain embodiments, the methods of the present invention employ pharmaceutically acceptable compositions that comprise a therapeutically-effective amount of one or more of the oligomers or agents described herein, formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and/or diluents. While it is possible for an oligomer of the present invention to be administered alone, it is preferable to administer the compound as a pharmaceutical formulation (composition).

Methods for the delivery of nucleic acid molecules are described, for example, in Akhtar et al., 1992, Trends Cell Bio., 2:139; and Delivery Strategies for Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapeutics, ed. Akhtar; Sullivan et al., PCT WO 94/02595. These and other protocols can be utilized for the delivery of virtually any nucleic acid molecule, including the isolated oligomers of the present invention.

As detailed below, the pharmaceutical compositions used in the methods of the present invention may be specially formulated for administration in solid or liquid form, including those adapted for the following: (1) oral administration, for example, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions), tablets, e.g., those targeted for buccal, sublingual, and systemic absorption, boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue; (2) parenteral administration, for example, by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or epidural injection as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension, or sustained-release formulation; (3) topical application, for example, as a cream, ointment, or a controlled-release patch or spray applied to the skin; (4) intravaginally or intrarectally, for example, as a pessary, cream or foam; (5) sublingually; (6) ocularly; (7) transdermally; or (8) nasally.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, manufacturing aid (e.g., lubricant, talc magnesium, calcium or zinc stearate, or steric acid), or solvent encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject compound from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient.

Some examples of materials that can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include, without limitation: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) pH buffered solutions; (21) polyesters, polycarbonates and/or polyanhydrides; and (22) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations.

Additional non-limiting examples of agents suitable for formulation with the antisense oligomers of the instant invention include: PEG conjugated nucleic acids, phospholipid conjugated nucleic acids, nucleic acids containing lipophilic moieties, phosphorothioates, P-glycoprotein inhibitors (such as Pluronic P85) which can enhance entry of drugs into various tissues; biodegradable polymers, such as poly (DL-lactide-coglycolide) microspheres for sustained release delivery after implantation (Emerich, D F et al., 1999, Cell Transplant, 8, 47-58) Alkermes, Inc. Cambridge, Mass.; and loaded nanoparticles, such as those made of polybutylcyanoacrylate, which can deliver drugs across the blood brain barrier and can alter neuronal uptake mechanisms (Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 23, 941-949, 1999).

The methods of the invention also feature the use of a composition comprising surface-modified liposomes containing poly (ethylene glycol) lipids (PEG-modified, branched and unbranched or combinations thereof, or long-circulating liposomes or stealth liposomes). Oligomers of the invention can also comprise covalently attached PEG molecules of various molecular weights. These formulations offer a method for increasing the accumulation of drugs in target tissues. This class of drug carriers resists opsonization and elimination by the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS or RES), thereby enabling longer blood circulation times and enhanced tissue exposure for the encapsulated drug (Lasic et al. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2601-2627; Ishiwata et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1995, 43, 1005-1011). Such liposomes have been shown to accumulate selectively in tumors, presumably by extravasation and capture in the neovascularized target tissues (Lasic et al., Science 1995, 267, 1275-1276; Oku et al., 1995, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1238, 86-90). The long-circulating liposomes enhance the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DNA and RNA, particularly compared to conventional cationic liposomes which are known to accumulate in tissues of the MPS (Liu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 42, 24864-24870; Choi et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 96/10391; Ansell et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 96/10390; Holland et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 96/10392). Long-circulating liposomes are also likely to protect drugs from nuclease degradation to a greater extent compared to cationic liposomes, based on their ability to avoid accumulation in metabolically aggressive MPS tissues such as the liver and spleen.

In a further embodiment, the methods of the present invention includes oligomer compositions prepared for delivery as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,692,911, 7,163,695 and 7,070,807. In this regard, in one embodiment, the present invention provides an oligomer of the present invention in a composition comprising copolymers of lysine and histidine (HK) as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,163,695, 7,070,807, and 6,692,911 either alone or in combination with PEG (e.g., branched or unbranched PEG or a mixture of both), in combination with PEG and a targeting moiety or any of the foregoing in combination with a crosslinking agent. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides antisense oligomers in compositions comprising gluconic-acid-modified polyhistidine or gluconylated-polyhistidine/transferrin-polylysine. One skilled in the art will also recognize that amino acids with properties similar to His and Lys may be substituted within the composition.

In certain methods, the oligomers described herein may contain a basic functional group, such as amino or alkylamino, and are, thus, capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with pharmaceutically-acceptable acids. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salts” in this respect, refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed during subsequent purification. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. (See, e.g., Berge et al. (1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19).

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the subject oligomers include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic acids. For example, such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.

In certain methods, the oligomers of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” in these instances refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically-acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically-acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine. Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like. Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like. (See, e.g., Berge et al., supra).

Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Formulations used in the present methods of the invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 0.1 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 10 percent to about 30 percent.

In certain embodiments, a formulation used in the methods of the invention comprises an excipient selected from cyclodextrins, celluloses, liposomes, micelle forming agents, e.g., bile acids, and polymeric carriers, e.g., polyesters and polyanhydrides; and an oligomer of the present invention. In certain embodiments, an aforementioned formulation renders orally bioavailable an oligomer of the present invention.

Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association an oligomer of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

Formulations used in the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient. An oligomer of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

In solid dosage forms used in the invention for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules, trouches and the like), the active ingredient may be mixed with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds and surfactants, such as poloxamer and sodium lauryl sulfate; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol, glycerol monostearate, and non-ionic surfactants; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, zinc stearate, sodium stearate, stearic acid, and mixtures thereof; (10) coloring agents; and (11) controlled release agents such as crospovidone or ethyl cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-shelled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (e.g., gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions used according to the present invention, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be formulated for rapid release, e.g., freeze-dried. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

Formulations for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Formulations or dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of an oligomer as provided herein include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. The active oligomers may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required. The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to an oligomer of the present invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of an oligomer of the present invention to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the oligomer in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the agent across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the agent in a polymer matrix or gel, among other methods known in the art.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for parenteral administration may comprise one or more oligomers of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain sugars, alcohols, antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms upon the subject oligomers may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility, among other methods known in the art. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally-administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

Injectable depot forms may be made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject oligomers in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of oligomer to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of oligomer release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations may also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.

When the oligomers of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99% (more preferably, 10 to 30%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

As noted above, the formulations or preparations used in the present invention may be given orally, parenterally, topically, or rectally. They are typically given in forms suitable for each administration route. For example, they are administered in tablets or capsule form, by injection, inhalation, eye lotion, ointment, suppository, etc. administration by injection, infusion or inhalation; topical by lotion or ointment; and rectal by suppositories.

The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticulare, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.

The phrases “systemic administration,” “administered systemically,” “peripheral administration” and “administered peripherally” as used herein mean the administration of a compound, drug or other material other than directly into the central nervous system, such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration.

Regardless of the route of administration selected, the oligomers used in the present invention, which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, may be formulated into pharmaceutically-acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art. Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being unacceptably toxic to the patient.

The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular oligomer of the present invention employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion or metabolism of the particular oligomer being employed, the rate and extent of absorption, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular oligomer employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.

A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. In general, a suitable daily dose of a compound of the invention will be that amount of the compound which is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above. Generally, oral, intravenous, intracerebroventricular and subcutaneous doses of the compounds of this invention for a patient, when used for the indicated effects, will range from about 0.0001 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day.

If desired, the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms. In certain situations, dosing is one administration per day. In certain embodiments, dosing is one or more administration per every 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 days, or every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 weeks, or every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 months, as needed, to treat the desired condition.

Antisense molecules can be administered to cells by a variety of methods known to those familiar to the art, including, but not restricted to, encapsulation in liposomes, by iontophoresis, or by incorporation into other vehicles, such as hydrogels, cyclodextrins, biodegradable nanocapsules, and bioadhesive microspheres, as described herein and known in the art. In certain embodiments, microemulsification technology may be utilized to improve bioavailability of lipophilic (water insoluble) pharmaceutical agents. Examples include Trimetrine (Dordunoo, S. K., et al., Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 17(12), 1685-1713, 1991 and REV 5901 (Sheen, P. C., et al., J Pharm Sci 80(7), 712-714, 1991). Among other benefits, microemulsification provides enhanced bioavailability by preferentially directing absorption to the lymphatic system instead of the circulatory system, which thereby bypasses the liver, and prevents destruction of the compounds in the hepatobiliary circulation.

In one aspect of invention, the formulations contain micelles formed from an oligomer as provided herein and at least one amphiphilic carrier, in which the micelles have an average diameter of less than about 100 nm. More preferred embodiments provide micelles having an average diameter less than about 50 nm, and even more preferred embodiments provide micelles having an average diameter less than about 30 nm, or even less than about 20 nm.

While all suitable amphiphilic carriers are contemplated, the presently preferred carriers are generally those that have Generally-Recognized-as-Safe (GRAS) status, and that can both solubilize the compound of the present invention and microemulsify it at a later stage when the solution comes into a contact with a complex water phase (such as one found in human gastro-intestinal tract). Usually, amphiphilic ingredients that satisfy these requirements have HLB (hydrophilic to lipophilic balance) values of 2-20, and their structures contain straight chain aliphatic radicals in the range of C-6 to C-20. Examples are polyethylene-glycolized fatty glycerides and polyethylene glycols.

Examples of amphiphilic carriers include saturated and monounsaturated polyethyleneglycolyzed fatty acid glycerides, such as those obtained from fully or partially hydrogenated various vegetable oils. Such oils may advantageously consist of tri-, di-, and mono-fatty acid glycerides and di- and mono-polyethyleneglycol esters of the corresponding fatty acids, with a particularly preferred fatty acid composition including capric acid 4-10, capric acid 3-9, lauric acid 40-50, myristic acid 14-24, palmitic acid 4-14 and stearic acid 5-15%. Another useful class of amphiphilic carriers includes partially esterified sorbitan and/or sorbitol, with saturated or mono-unsaturated fatty acids (SPAN-series) or corresponding ethoxylated analogs (TWEEN-series).

Commercially available amphiphilic carriers may be particularly useful, including Gelucire-series, Labrafil, Labrasol, or Lauroglycol (all manufactured and distributed by Gattefosse Corporation, Saint Priest, France), PEG-mono-oleate, PEG-di-oleate, PEG-mono-laurate and di-laurate, Lecithin, Polysorbate 80, etc (produced and distributed by a number of companies in USA and worldwide).

In certain embodiments, the delivery may occur by use of liposomes, nanocapsules, microparticles, microspheres, lipid particles, vesicles, and the like, for the introduction of the compositions of the present invention into suitable host cells. In particular, the compositions of the present invention may be formulated for delivery either encapsulated in a lipid particle, a liposome, a vesicle, a nanosphere, a nanoparticle or the like. The formulation and use of such delivery vehicles can be carried out using known and conventional techniques.

Hydrophilic polymers suitable for use in the present invention are those which are readily water-soluble, can be covalently attached to a vesicle-forming lipid, and which are tolerated in vivo without toxic effects (i.e., are biocompatible). Suitable polymers include polyethylene glycol (PEG), polylactic (also termed polylactide), polyglycolic acid (also termed polyglycolide), a polylactic-polyglycolic acid copolymer, and polyvinyl alcohol. In certain embodiments, polymers have a molecular weight of from about 100 or 120 daltons up to about 5,000 or 10,000 daltons, or from about 300 daltons to about 5,000 daltons. In other embodiments, the polymer is polyethyleneglycol having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 5,000 daltons, or having a molecular weight of from about 300 to about 5,000 daltons. In certain embodiments, the polymer is polyethyleneglycol of 750 daltons (PEG(750)). Polymers may also be defined by the number of monomers therein; a preferred embodiment of the present invention utilizes polymers of at least about three monomers, such PEG polymers consisting of three monomers (approximately 150 daltons).

Other hydrophilic polymers which may be suitable for use in the present invention include polyvinylpyrrolidone, polymethoxazoline, polyethyloxazoline, polyhydroxypropyl methacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, polydimethylacrylamide, and derivatized celluloses such as hydroxymethylcellulose or hydroxyethylcellulose.

In certain embodiments, a formulation used in the present invention comprises a biocompatible polymer selected from the group consisting of polyamides, polycarbonates, polyalkylenes, polymers of acrylic and methacrylic esters, polyvinyl polymers, polyglycolides, polysiloxanes, polyurethanes and co-polymers thereof, celluloses, polypropylene, polyethylenes, polystyrene, polymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid, polyanhydrides, poly(ortho)esters, poly(butic acid), poly(valeric acid), poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), polysaccharides, proteins, polyhyaluronic acids, polycyanoacrylates, and blends, mixtures, or copolymers thereof.

Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides, consisting of 6, 7 or 8 glucose units, designated by the Greek letter α, β. or γ, respectively. The glucose units are linked by α-1,4-glucosidic bonds. As a consequence of the chair conformation of the sugar units, all secondary hydroxyl groups (at C-2, C-3) are located on one side of the ring, while all the primary hydroxyl groups at C-6 are situated on the other side. As a result, the external faces are hydrophilic, making the cyclodextrins water-soluble. In contrast, the cavities of the cyclodextrins are hydrophobic, since they are lined by the hydrogen of atoms C-3 and C-5, and by ether-like oxygens. These matrices allow complexation with a variety of relatively hydrophobic compounds, including, for instance, steroid compounds such as 17α-estradiol (see, e.g., van Uden et al. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 38:1-3-113 (1994)). The complexation takes place by Van der Waals interactions and by hydrogen bond formation. For a general review of the chemistry of cyclodextrins, see, Wenz, Agnew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 33:803-822 (1994).

The physico-chemical properties of the cyclodextrin derivatives depend strongly on the kind and the degree of substitution. For example, their solubility in water ranges from insoluble (e.g., triacetyl-beta-cyclodextrin) to 147% soluble (w/v) (G-2-beta-cyclodextrin). In addition, they are soluble in many organic solvents. The properties of the cyclodextrins enable the control over solubility of various formulation components by increasing or decreasing their solubility.

Numerous cyclodextrins and methods for their preparation have been described. For example, Parmeter (I), et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,453,259) and Gramera, et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,459,731) described electroneutral cyclodextrins. Other derivatives include cyclodextrins with cationic properties [Parmeter (II), U.S. Pat. No. 3,453,257], insoluble crosslinked cyclodextrins (Solms, U.S. Pat. No. 3,420,788), and cyclodextrins with anionic properties [Parmeter (III), U.S. Pat. No. 3,426,011]. Among the cyclodextrin derivatives with anionic properties, carboxylic acids, phosphorous acids, phosphinous acids, phosphonic acids, phosphoric acids, thiophosphonic acids, thiosulphinic acids, and sulfonic acids have been appended to the parent cyclodextrin [see, Parmeter (III), supra]. Furthermore, sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin derivatives have been described by Stella, et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,127).

Liposomes consist of at least one lipid bilayer membrane enclosing an aqueous internal compartment. Liposomes may be characterized by membrane type and by size. Small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) have a single membrane and typically range between 0.02 and 0.05 m in diameter; large unilamellar vesicles (LUVS) are typically larger than 0.05 μm. Oligolamellar large vesicles and multilamellar vesicles have multiple, usually concentric, membrane layers and are typically larger than 0.1 μm. Liposomes with several nonconcentric membranes, i.e., several smaller vesicles contained within a larger vesicle, are termed multivesicular vesicles.

One aspect of the present methods uses formulations comprising liposomes containing an oligomer of the present invention, where the liposome membrane is formulated to provide a liposome with increased carrying capacity. Alternatively or in addition, the compound of the present invention may be contained within, or adsorbed onto, the liposome bilayer of the liposome. An oligomer of the present invention may be aggregated with a lipid surfactant and carried within the liposome's internal space; in these cases, the liposome membrane is formulated to resist the disruptive effects of the active agent-surfactant aggregate.

According to one embodiment of the present methods, the lipid bilayer of a liposome contains lipids derivatized with polyethylene glycol (PEG), such that the PEG chains extend from the inner surface of the lipid bilayer into the interior space encapsulated by the liposome, and extend from the exterior of the lipid bilayer into the surrounding environment.

Active agents contained within liposomes of the present methods are in solubilized form. Aggregates of surfactant and active agent (such as emulsions or micelles containing the active agent of interest) may be entrapped within the interior space of liposomes according to the present invention. A surfactant acts to disperse and solubilize the active agent, and may be selected from any suitable aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic surfactant, including but not limited to biocompatible lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) of varying chain lengths (for example, from about C14 to about C20). Polymer-derivatized lipids such as PEG-lipids may also be utilized for micelle formation as they will act to inhibit micelle/membrane fusion, and as the addition of a polymer to surfactant molecules decreases the CMC of the surfactant and aids in micelle formation. Preferred are surfactants with CMCs in the micromolar range; higher CMC surfactants may be utilized to prepare micelles entrapped within liposomes of the present invention.

Liposomes used according to the present methods may be prepared by any of a variety of techniques that are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,871; Published PCT applications WO 96/14057; New RRC, Liposomes: A practical approach, IRL Press, Oxford (1990), pages 33-104; Lasic DD, Liposomes from physics to applications, Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam, 1993. For example, liposomes of the present invention may be prepared by diffusing a lipid derivatized with a hydrophilic polymer into preformed liposomes, such as by exposing preformed liposomes to micelles composed of lipid-grafted polymers, at lipid concentrations corresponding to the final mole percent of derivatized lipid which is desired in the liposome. Liposomes containing a hydrophilic polymer can also be formed by homogenization, lipid-field hydration, or extrusion techniques, as are known in the art.

In another exemplary formulation procedure, the active agent is first dispersed by sonication in a lysophosphatidylcholine or other low CMC surfactant (including polymer grafted lipids) that readily solubilizes hydrophobic molecules. The resulting micellar suspension of active agent is then used to rehydrate a dried lipid sample that contains a suitable mole percent of polymer-grafted lipid, or cholesterol. The lipid and active agent suspension is then formed into liposomes using extrusion techniques as are known in the art, and the resulting liposomes separated from the unencapsulated solution by standard column separation.

In one aspect of the present methods, the liposomes are prepared to have substantially homogeneous sizes in a selected size range. One effective sizing method involves extruding an aqueous suspension of the liposomes through a series of polycarbonate membranes having a selected uniform pore size; the pore size of the membrane will correspond roughly with the largest sizes of liposomes produced by extrusion through that membrane. See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,323 (Apr. 12, 1988). In certain embodiments, reagents such as DharmaFECT® and Lipofectamine® may be utilized to introduce polynucleotides or proteins into cells.

The release characteristics of a formulation used in the present methods depend on the encapsulating material, the concentration of encapsulated drug, and the presence of release modifiers. For example, release can be manipulated to be pH dependent, for example, using a pH sensitive coating that releases only at a low pH, as in the stomach, or a higher pH, as in the intestine. An enteric coating can be used to prevent release from occurring until after passage through the stomach. Multiple coatings or mixtures of cyanamide encapsulated in different materials can be used to obtain an initial release in the stomach, followed by later release in the intestine. Release can also be manipulated by inclusion of salts or pore forming agents, which can increase water uptake or release of drug by diffusion from the capsule. Excipients which modify the solubility of the drug can also be used to control the release rate. Agents which enhance degradation of the matrix or release from the matrix can also be incorporated. They can be added to the drug, added as a separate phase (i.e., as particulates), or can be co-dissolved in the polymer phase depending on the compound. In most cases the amount should be between 0.1 and thirty percent (w/w polymer). Types of degradation enhancers include inorganic salts such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride, organic acids such as citric acid, benzoic acid, and ascorbic acid, inorganic bases such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium carbonate, zinc carbonate, and zinc hydroxide, and organic bases such as protamine sulfate, spermine, choline, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine and surfactants such as Tween® and Pluronic®. Pore forming agents which add microstructure to the matrices (i.e., water soluble compounds such as inorganic salts and sugars) are added as particulates. The range is typically between one and thirty percent (w/w polymer).

Uptake can also be manipulated by altering residence time of the particles in the gut. This can be achieved, for example, by coating the particle with, or selecting as the encapsulating material, a mucosal adhesive polymer. Examples include most polymers with free carboxyl groups, such as chitosan, celluloses, and especially polyacrylates (as used herein, polyacrylates refers to polymers including acrylate groups and modified acrylate groups such as cyanoacrylates and methacrylates).

An oligomer may be formulated to be contained within, or, adapted to release by a surgical or medical device or implant. In certain aspects, an implant may be coated or otherwise treated with an oligomer. For example, hydrogels, or other polymers, such as biocompatible and/or biodegradable polymers, may be used to coat an implant with the compositions of the present invention (i.e., the composition may be adapted for use with a medical device by using a hydrogel or other polymer). Polymers and copolymers for coating medical devices with an agent are well-known in the art. Examples of implants include, but are not limited to, stents, drug-eluting stents, sutures, prosthesis, vascular catheters, dialysis catheters, vascular grafts, prosthetic heart valves, cardiac pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, IV needles, devices for bone setting and formation, such as pins, screws, plates, and other devices, and artificial tissue matrices for wound healing.

In addition to the methods provided herein, the oligomers for use according to the invention may be formulated for administration in any convenient way for use in human or veterinary medicine, by analogy with other pharmaceuticals. The antisense oligomers and their corresponding formulations may be administered alone or in combination with other therapeutic strategies in the treatment of inflammation.

In accordance with the methods of the invention, routes of antisense oligomer delivery include, but are not limited to, various systemic routes, including oral and parenteral routes, e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular, as well as inhalation, transdermal, pulmonary and topical delivery. The appropriate route may be determined by one of skill in the art, as appropriate to the condition of the subject under treatment. For example, an appropriate route for delivery of an antisense oligomer in the treatment of a condition of the skin may include topical delivery, while delivery of a antisense oligomer for the treatment of a respiratory condition (e.g., COPD) may include inhalation, intranasal or pulmonary delivery. The oligomer may also be delivered directly to the site of inflammation infection, or to the bloodstream.

The antisense oligomer may be administered in any convenient vehicle which is physiologically acceptable. Such a composition may include any of a variety of standard pharmaceutically acceptable carriers employed by those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, saline, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), water, aqueous ethanol, emulsions, such as oil/water emulsions or triglyceride emulsions, tablets and capsules. The choice of suitable physiologically acceptable carrier will vary dependent upon the chosen mode of administration.

In some instances, as noted above, liposomes may be employed to facilitate uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide into cells. (See, e.g., Williams, S. A., Leukemia 10(12):1980-1989, 1996; Lappalainen et al., Antiviral Res. 23:119, 1994; Uhlmann et al., antisense oligonucleotides: a new therapeutic principle, Chemical Reviews, Volume 90, No. 4, pages 544-584, 1990; Gregoriadis, G., Chapter 14, Liposomes, Drug Carriers in Biology and Medicine, pp. 287-341, Academic Press, 1979). Hydrogels may also be used as vehicles for antisense oligomer administration, for example, as described in WO 93/01286 or PCT Application No US1992/005305. Alternatively, the oligonucleotides may be administered in microspheres or microparticles. (See, e.g., Wu, G. Y. and Wu, C. H., J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432, 1987). Alternatively, the use of gas-filled microbubbles complexed with the antisense oligomers can enhance delivery to target tissues, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,747.

Sustained release compositions may also be used. These may include semipermeable polymeric matrices in the form of shaped articles such as films or microcapsules.

In certain embodiments, the antisense compounds may be administered in an amount and manner effective to result in a peak blood concentration of at least 200-400 nM antisense oligomer. Typically, one or more doses of antisense oligomer are administered, generally at regular intervals, for a period of about one to two weeks. Preferred doses for oral administration are from about 1-100 mg oligomer per 70 kg. In some cases, doses of greater than 100 mg oligomer/patient may be necessary. For i.v. administration, preferred doses are from about 1 mg to 500 mg oligomer per 70 kg. The antisense oligomer may be administered at regular intervals for a short time period, e.g., daily for two weeks or less. However, in some cases the oligomer is administered intermittently over a longer period of time. Administration may be followed by, or concurrent with, administration of an antibiotic or other therapeutic treatment. The treatment regimen may be adjusted (dose, frequency, route, etc.) as indicated, based on the results of immunoassays, other biochemical tests and physiological examination of the subject under treatment.

All publications and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. The following examples are provided by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of noncritical parameters that could be changed or modified to yield essentially similar results.

SEQUENCE LISTING TABLE SEQ ID NAME SEQUENCE NO: LMNA exon  GGCTCCCACTGCAGCAGCTCGGGGGACCCC  1 11 GCTGAGTACAACCTGCGCTCGCGCACCGTG CTGTGCGGGACCTGCGGGCAGCCTGCCGAC AAGGCATCTGCCAGCGGCTCAGGAGCCCAG GTGGGC GGACCCATCTCCTCTGGCTCTTCT GCCTCCAGTGTCACGGTCACTCGCAGCTAC CGCAGTGTGGGGGGCAGTGGGGGTGGCAGC TTCGGGGACAATCTGGTCACCCGCTCCTAC CTCCTGGGCAACTCCAGCCCCCGAACCCAG HGPS exon  GGCTCCCACTGCAGCAGCTCGGGGGACCCC  2 11 GCTGAGTACAACCTGCGCTCGCGCACCGTG CTGTGCGGGACCTGCGGGCAGCCTGCCGAC AAGGCATCTGCCAGCGGCTCAGGAGCCCAG GTGGGT GGACCCATCTCCTCTGGCTCTTTC GCCTCCAGTGTCACGGTCACTCGCAGCTAC CGCAGTGTGGGGGGCAGTGGGGGTGGCAGC TTCGGGGACAATCTGGTCACCCGCTCCTAC CTCCTGGGCAACTCCAGCCCCCGAACCCAG Exo11.25.133 CCGCTGGCAGATGCCTTGTCGGCAG  3 Exo11.25.138 CTGAGCCGCTGGCAGATGCCTTGTC  4 Exo11.25.142 GCTCCTGAGCCGCTGGCAGATGCCT  5 Exo11.25.145 TGGGCTCCTGAGCCGCTGGCAGATG  6 Exo11.25.149 CACCTGGGCTCCTGAGCCGCTGGCA  7 Exo11.25.154 CCACCCACCTGGGCTCCTGAGCCGC  8 Exo11.25.158 GGGTCCACCCACCTGGGCTCCTGAG  9 Exo11.25.162 AGATGGGTCCACCCACCTGGGCTCC 10 Exo11.25.166 GAGGAGATGGGTCCACCCACCTGGG 11 Exo11.25.170 GCCAGAGGAGATGGGTCCACCCACC 12 Exo11.25.174 AAGAGCCAGAGGAGATGGGTCCACC 13 Exo11.25.177 CAGAAGAGCCAGAGGAGATGGGTCC 14 Exo11.25.181 GAGGCAGAAGAGCCAGAGGAGATGG 15 Exo11.25.185 ACTGGAGGCAGAAGAGCCAGAGGAG 16 Exo10SD.25.69 ACGTGGTGGTGATGGAGCAGGTCAT 17 Exo10SD.25.73 ACTCACGTGGTGGTGATGGAGCAGG 18 Exo10SD.25.79 GCTACCACTCACGTGGTGGTGATGG 19 Exo10SD.25.84 CGGCGGCTACCACTCACGTGGTGGT 20 Exo10SD.25.87 CAGCGGCGGCTACCACTCACGTGGT 21 Exo10SD.25.90 CCTCAGCGGCGGCTACCACTCACGT 22 Exol0SD.25.92 GGCCTCAGCGGCGGCTACCACTCAC 23 Exo10SD.25.96 GCTCGGCCTCAGCGGCGGCTACCAC 24 Exo11SA.25.779 CGAGTCTGGGACTGACCACTCAGGC 25 Exo11SA.25.796 AGGCTCAGGCGGGACGGCGAGTCTG 26 Exo11SA.25.801 AGACAAGGCTCAGGCGGGACGGCGA 27 Exo11SA.25.805 AGGGAGACAAGGCTCAGGCGGGACG 28 Exo11SA.25.809 GGGAAGGGAGACAAGGCTCAGGCGG 29 Exo11SA.25.814 GCCCTGGGAAGGGAGACAAGGCTCA 30 Exo11SA.25.820 GTGGGAGCCCTGGGAAGGGAGACAA 31 Exo11SA.25.828 CTGCTGCAGTGGGAGCCCTGGGAAG 32 Exo11SA.25.830 AGCTGCTGCAGTGGGAGCCCTGGGA 33 Exo11SA.25.836 CCCCCGAGCTGCTGCAGTGGGAGCC 34 HsEx10 GCTACCACTCACGTGGTGGTGATGG-AcR⁶G 35 HsEx11 GGGTCCACCCACCTGGGCTCCTGAG-AcR⁶G 36 HsEx10-apn GC^(apn) TACCAC^(apn) TCACG^(apn) TGGTGG^(apn) 37 TGATGG HsEx11-apn GGG^(apn) TCCACCCACC^(apn) TGGGC^(apn) TCC 38 ^(apn) TGAG rTAT RRRQRRKKR 39 Tat RKKRRQRRR 40 R₉F₂ RRRRRRRRRFF 41 R₅F₂R₄ RRRRRFFRRRR 42 R₄ RRRR 43 R₅ RRRRR 44 R₆ RRRRRR 45 R₇ RRRRRRR 46 R₈ RRRRRRRR 47 R₉ RRRRRRRRR 48 (RX)₈ RXRXRXRXRXRXRXRX 49 (RAhxR)₄;  RAhxRRAhxRRAhxRRAhxR 50 (P007) (RAhxR)₅; RAhxRRAhxRRAhxRRAhxRRAhxR 51 (CP04057) (RAhxRRBR)₂; RAhxRRBRRAhxRRBR 52 (CP06062) (RAR)₄F₂ RARRARRARRARFFC 53 (RGR)₄F₂ RGRRGRRGRRGRFFC 54

EXAMPLES Example 1 Treatment of HGPS Cells Using Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting LMNA

Two primary fibroblasts lines were used, HGPS fibroblasts (HGADFN167) and control fibroblasts (HGFDFN168). HGPS and control cells were seeded into a 24-well dish at the density of about 10,000 cells/well. Morpholino oligonucleotides targeted to exons 11 and/or 10 of Lamin-A pre-mRNA were individually introduced into cultured HGPS cells either by free uptake or by nucleofection (Amaxa, for example). For free uptake, cells were cultured for 1-2 weeks in a medium containing either 25 μM or 50 μM or 80 uM of PMO oligonucleotides. Those cells were then screened by immunofluorescence with anti-progerin or anti-lamin A/C antibodies. The fluorescence intensities of progerin staining were quantified using Zeiss fluorescence microscope and a SPOT program. The experiments were performed in triplicate, and the PMOs that showed effects in down-regulating progerin were selected for further analysis. Analysis included quantitative RT-PCR with progerin-specific primer and Western blotting analysis with anti-progerin antibodies.

Example 2 Immunofluorescence Staining of HGPS Cells Following Treatment with Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting LMNA

Immunofluorescence Staining:

For immunofluorescence, cells were seeded onto 4-well chamber slides. After fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde/PBS at room temperature for 15 min, cells were permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100/PBS at room temperature for 5 min, followed by an overnight incubation in the blocking solution at 4° C. (Blocking solution: 4% BSA/TBS). Cells were stained with mouse monoclonal anti-lamin A/C (MAB3211, Chemicon) and rabbit polyclonal anti-progerin (custom peptide antibody, Yenzm) for 3 hours at room temperature on the following day. Primary antibodies were detected with Alexa Fluor-labeled secondary antibodies (Invitrogen). Slides mounted with Vectashield mounting medium containing DAPI were observed with a Zeiss fluorescence microscope. Exposure times and acquisition settings were established at the beginning of each set of experiments and kept constant for all treatments. The results of the experiments are set forth in FIG. 2. Several of the oligonucleotides significantly down-regulated progerin.

Example 3 SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting Analysis of HGPS Cells Following Treatment with Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting LMNA

SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting Analysis:

Treated cells were collected, rinsed twice in PBS, and then lysed in Laemmli SDS-PAGE loading buffer. Samples were heated for 15 minutes at 95° C. and then loaded onto 10% SDS-PAGE gels. As for western blot analysis, proteins were transferred onto the nitrocellulose membranes. Membranes were blocked with 5% milk/TBST at 4° C. for overnight and incubated with primary antibodies diluted in 4% BSA/TBST at room temperature for 1-3 hours. After washes with TBST, the membranes were incubated in secondary antibodies diluted at 1:5000 in 1% milk/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The chemiluminescence was detected with an ECL western blotting detection kit (Pierce). Primary antibodies used include mouse monoclonal anti-lamin A/C (MAB3211, Chemicon), rabbit polyclonal anti-progerin (custom peptide antibody, Yenzm) and rabbit polyclonal anti-actin (Pan-actin, Cell Signaling). The results of the experiments are set forth in FIG. 3. The oligonucleotide corresponding to 699 (SEQ ID NO: 4) showed significant down-regulation of progerin in the experiment, despite it being removed from, and not overlapping with, the exon 11 cryptic splice site of LMNA.

Example 4 Quantitative RT-PCR Analysis of HGPS Cells Following Treatment with Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting LMNA

Quantitative RT-PCR:

Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments were performed to measure the expression levels of progerin, lamin A and β-actin in 164 fibroblasts (p13, classical HGPS) following treatment with oligonucleotide 699 (SEQ ID NO: 4) and 706 (SEQ ID NO: 11). All reactions were carried out in triplicate on an Applied Biosystems 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System using SYBR Green mix (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Reaction conditions were as follows: 1 cycles of 2 min at 50° C.; 1 cycle of 15 min at 95° C.; and 40 cycles of 15 s at 95° C., 1 min at 57° C., and 45 s at 72° C. The sequence for the β-actin forward primer is TCTTTGCAGCCACATTCCCG and reverse primer is GGCTTGCGGGTGTTAAAAGC. The sequence of the forward primer for amplifying progerin/lamin A is GCAACAAGTCCAATGAGGACCA. The progerin- and lamin A-specific reverse primers were designed according to amplification-refractory mutation system strategy, by introducing a mutation at the penultimate base to increase specificity. The progerin-specific primer sequence is CATGATGCTGCAGTTCTGGGGGCTCTGGAC, and that for lamin A is CATGATGCTGCAGTTCTGGGGGCTCTGGAT. The results of the experiments are set forth in FIG. 4.

Example 5 SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting Analysis of HGPS Cells Following Treatment with Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting LMNA

SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting Analysis:

Treated cells were collected, rinsed twice in PBS, and then lysed in Laemmli SDS-PAGE loading buffer. Samples were heated for 15 minutes at 95° C. and then loaded onto 10% SDS-PAGE gels. As for western blot analysis, proteins were transferred onto the nitrocellulose membranes. Membranes were blocked with 5% milk/TBST at 4° C. for overnight and incubated with primary antibodies diluted in 4% BSA/TBST at room temperature for 1-3 hours. After washes with TBST, the membranes were incubated in secondary antibodies diluted at 1:5000 in 1% milk/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The chemiluminescence was detected with an ECL western blotting detection kit (Pierce). Primary antibodies used include mouse monoclonal anti-lamin A/C (MAB3211, Chemicon), rabbit polyclonal anti-progerin (custom peptide antibody, Yenzm) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-actin (Sigma). The results of the experiments are set forth in FIG. 5. Oligonucleotide 699 (SEQ ID NO: 4) gave rise to a down-regulation of progerin and an up-regulation of lamin A, despite it being removed from, and not overlapping with, the exon 11 cryptic splice site of LMNA.

REFERENCES

-   Cao, K., C. D. Blair, et al. (2011). “Progerin and telomere     dysfunction collaborate to trigger cellular senescence in normal     human fibroblasts.” J Clin Invest. -   Egholm, M., O. Buchardt, et al. (1993). “PNA hybridizes to     complementary oligonucleotides obeying the Watson-Crick     hydrogen-bonding rules.” Nature 365(6446): 566-8. -   Kinali, M., V. Arechavala-Gomeza, et al. (2009). “Local restoration     of dystrophin expression with the morpholino oligomer AVI-4658 in     Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a single-blind, placebo-controlled,     dose-escalation, proof-of-concept study.” Lancet Neurol 8(10):     918-28. -   Osorio, F. G., C. L. Navarro, et al. (2011). “Splicing-directed     therapy in a new mouse model of human accelerated aging.” Sci Transl     Med 3(106): 106ra107. -   Scaffidi, P. and T. Misteli (2005). “Reversal of the cellular     phenotype in the premature aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford progeria     syndrome.” Nat Med 11(4): 440-5. -   Svasti, S., T. Suwanmanee, et al. (2009). “RNA repair restores     hemoglobin expression in IVS2-654 thalassemic mice.” Proc Natl Acad     Sci USA 106(4): 1205-10. 

1. A method for treating atherosclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide modulates aberrant splicing of a human LMNA pre-mRNA, the oligonucleotide being composed of morpholino subunits and phosphorus-containing intersubunit linkages joining a morpholino nitrogen of one subunit to a 5′-exocyclic carbon of an adjacent subunit, containing about 12-40 bases; and having a targeting sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-8, 10-18, and 20-34, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is covalently attached to a cell-penetrating peptide and linker moiety of the formula -G-CPP, wherein G is the linker moiety and is selected from glycine, cysteine, proline, 6-aminohexanoic acid (Ahx), β-alanine (B), and Ahx-B, and CPP is the cell-penetrating peptide and is selected from SEQ ID NOS: 39-54. 2-16. (canceled)
 17. The method of claim 1, where the morpholino subunits in the oligonucleotide are joined by phosphorus-containing linkages, in accordance with the following structure:

wherein Z is S or O, X=NR¹R² or OR⁶, Y=O or NR⁷, and each said linkage is selected from: (a) uncharged linkage (a), wherein each of R¹, R², R⁶, and R⁷ is independently selected from hydrogen and lower alkyl; (b1) cationic linkage (b1), wherein X=NR¹R² and Y=O, and NR¹R² represents an optional substituted piperazino group, such that R¹R²= —CHRCHRN(R³)(R⁴)CHRCHR—, wherein each R⁴ is H, CH₃ or null, and R³ is selected from H, lower alkyl, C(═NH)NH₂, Z-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂, and [C(O)CHR′NH]_(m)H, wherein where Z is carbonyl (C(O)) or a direct bond, L is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length having bonds selected from alkyl, alkoxy, and alkylamino, R′ is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid or a one- or two-carbon homolog thereof, and m is 1 to 6; (b2) cationic linkage (b2), wherein X=NR¹R² and Y=O, R¹=H or CH₃, and R²=LNR³R⁴R⁵, wherein L, R³, and R⁴ are defined as above, and R⁵ is H, lower alkyl, or lower (alkoxy)alkyl; and (b3) cationic linkage (b3), wherein Y=NR⁷ and X=OR⁶, and R7=LNR³R⁴R⁵. wherein L, R³, and R⁴ and R⁵ are defined as above, and R⁶ is H or lower alkyl; and at least one said linkage is selected from cationic linkages (b1), (b2), and (b3).
 18. The method of claim 17, where each of R¹ and R², in linkages of type (a), is methyl.
 19. The method of claim 17, where at least one linkage is of type (b1), where each R is H, R⁴ is H, CH₃, or an electron pair, and R³ is selected from H, CH₃, C(═NH)NH₂, and C(O)-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂.
 20. The method of claim 17, where at least one linkage is of type (b1), where each R is H, R⁴ is an electron pair, and R³ is selected from C(═NH)NH₂ and C(O)-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂.
 21. The method of claim 17, wherein at least one linkage is of type (b1), where each R is H, R⁴ is an electron pair, and R³ is selected from C(═NH)NH₂ and C(O)-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂.
 22. The method of claim 21, where R³ is C(O)-L-NHC(NH)NH₂, and L is a hydrocarbon having the structure —(CH₂)_(n)—, where n is 1 to
 12. 23. The method of claim 17, where at least one linkage is of type (b1), where each R is H, and each of R³ and R⁴ is independently H or CH₃. 24-25. (canceled)
 26. The method of claim 1, where the cell-penetrating peptide is attached at its C-terminus to the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide.
 27. The method of claim 1, where the cell-penetrating peptide is attached at its C-terminus to the 3′ end of the oligonucleotide.
 28. (canceled)
 29. A method for treating atherosclerosis in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide modulates aberrant splicing of a human LMNA pre-mRNA, the oligonucleotide comprising a backbone, the backbone comprising a sequence of morpholino ring structures joined by intersubunit linkages, the intersubunit linkages joining a 3′-end of one morpholino ring structure to a 5′-end of an adjacent morpholino ring structure, wherein each morpholino ring structure is bound to a base-pairing moiety, such that the oligonucleotide can bind in a sequence-specific manner to a target nucleic acid, comprising a targeting sequence comprising any one of SEQ ID NOS: 3-8, 10-18 and 20-34, wherein the intersubunit linkages have the following general structure (I):

or a salt or isomer thereof, and wherein each of the intersubunit linkages (I) are independently linkage (A) or linkage (B): wherein for linkage (A): W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O; X is, at each occurrence, independently —N(CH₃)₂, —NR¹R², —OR³ or;

Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR², R¹ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl; R² is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or -LNR⁴R⁵R⁷; R³ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R⁴ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl, —C(═NH)NH₂, —Z-L-NHC(═NH)NH₂ or —[C(O)CHR′NH]_(m)H, where Z is carbonyl (C(O)) or a direct bond, R′ is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid or a one- or two-carbon homolog thereof, and m is 1 to 6; R⁵ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, methyl or an electron pair; R⁶ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or methyl; R⁷ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxyalkyl; L is an optional linker up to 18 atoms in length comprising alkyl, alkoxy or alkylamino groups, or combinations thereof; and wherein for linkage (B): W is, at each occurrence, independently S or O; X is, at each occurrence, independently —NR⁸R⁹ or —OR³; and Y is, at each occurrence, independently O or —NR¹⁰, R⁸ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen or C₂-C₁₂ alkyl; R⁹ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aralkyl or aryl; R¹⁰ is, at each occurrence, independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or -LNR⁴R⁵R⁷; wherein R⁸ and R⁹ may join to form a 5-18 membered mono or bicyclic heterocycle or R⁸, R⁹ or R³ may join with R¹⁰ to form a 5-7 membered heterocycle, and wherein when X is 4-piparazino, X has the following structure (III):

wherein: R¹¹ is, at each occurrence, independently C₂-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; and R is, at each occurrence, independently an electron pair, hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; and R¹² is, at each occurrence, independently, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, —NH₂, —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵, C₁-C₁₂ alkylcarbonyl, oxo, —CN, trifluoromethyl, amidyl, amidinyl, amidinylalkyl, amidinylalkylcarbonyl guanidinyl, guanidinylalkyl, guanidinylalkylcarbonyl, cholate, deoxycholate, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, —SR¹³ or C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy, wherein R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are, at each occurrence, independently C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is covalently attached to a cell-penetrating peptide and linker moiety of the formula -G-CPP, wherein G is the linker moiety selected from glycine, cysteine, proline, 6-aminohexanoic acid (Ahx), β-alanine (B), and Ahx-B, and CPP is the cell-penetrating peptide and is selected from SEQ ID NOS: 39-54.
 30. The method of claim 29, where at least 5% of the intersubunit linkages are linkage (B).
 31. The method of claim 29, where 10% to 50% of the intersubunit linkages are linkage (B).
 32. The method of claim 29, where each linkage (B) has the same structure at each occurrence.
 33. The method of claim 29, where each Y and each W are O.
 34. The method of claim 29, where the targeting sequence comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-7 or 14-16.
 35. The method of claim 29, where the targeting sequence consists essentially of SEQ ID NO:
 4. 36. The method of claim 29, where the targeting sequence consists essentially of SEQ ID NO:
 11. 37. (canceled)
 38. The method of claim 1, where the targeting sequence consists essentially of SEQ ID NO:
 4. 39. The method of claim 1, where the targeting sequence consists essentially of SEQ ID NO:
 11. 